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<p>Additive manufacturing is one of the advanced manufacturing methods, and one of its techniques is fused filament fabrication (FFF) in which the parts are produced by different filaments. One of the widely used components in various industries is porous lattice structures, which are lightweight structures composed of repeating unit cells that can have different sizes and designs. These structures can also be produced from recycled or environmentally friendly materials. In this study, lattice structures were produced using the FFF method with two different types of filaments: plain polylactic acid (plain PLA) and carbon fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (reinforced PLA). Three different types of unit cells were used: square, circular, and hexagonal. Each of these cells was also produced in three different pattern types (simple, central, and upper). The printed samples were placed in three different environments for a week: air, room-temperature seawater solution, and seawater solution at a temperature above 45&#xa0;°C. Afterward, compression tests were performed on them. The results showed that the highest compressive failure force was obtained for lattice structures with square unit cells, followed by hexagonal and circular unit cells. Additionally, samples placed in the high-temperature seawater solution had the highest compressive force, which is related to better layer adhesion due to the high temperature. The samples placed in the room-temperature seawater solution experienced a decrease in compressive force. Furthermore, the samples printed with plain PLA filaments had a higher compressive force, and adding carbon fibers to the base filament material caused a decrease in compressive force. The results showed that among all lattice structures, the highest compressive force was obtained for the simple design and those printed with plain PLA filament that were placed in the warm environment: 3229.67N for square lattice structure and 1324.22N and 1907.21N for circular and hexagonal lattice structures, respectively. To better analyze the results, force–displacement diagrams of the fractured samples were examined, along with photography of the fractured samples and their SEM images.</p>

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The effect of marine environment and carbon fibers reinforcement on compressive strength of the various design of PLA 3D-printed porous lattice structures

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月28日

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  • Seyed Jalal Hashemi,
  • Ali Sadooghi,
  • Farzad Rahmani,
  • Amirhossein Behroozibakhsh,
  • Sadegh Mirzamohammadi

摘要

Additive manufacturing is one of the advanced manufacturing methods, and one of its techniques is fused filament fabrication (FFF) in which the parts are produced by different filaments. One of the widely used components in various industries is porous lattice structures, which are lightweight structures composed of repeating unit cells that can have different sizes and designs. These structures can also be produced from recycled or environmentally friendly materials. In this study, lattice structures were produced using the FFF method with two different types of filaments: plain polylactic acid (plain PLA) and carbon fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (reinforced PLA). Three different types of unit cells were used: square, circular, and hexagonal. Each of these cells was also produced in three different pattern types (simple, central, and upper). The printed samples were placed in three different environments for a week: air, room-temperature seawater solution, and seawater solution at a temperature above 45 °C. Afterward, compression tests were performed on them. The results showed that the highest compressive failure force was obtained for lattice structures with square unit cells, followed by hexagonal and circular unit cells. Additionally, samples placed in the high-temperature seawater solution had the highest compressive force, which is related to better layer adhesion due to the high temperature. The samples placed in the room-temperature seawater solution experienced a decrease in compressive force. Furthermore, the samples printed with plain PLA filaments had a higher compressive force, and adding carbon fibers to the base filament material caused a decrease in compressive force. The results showed that among all lattice structures, the highest compressive force was obtained for the simple design and those printed with plain PLA filament that were placed in the warm environment: 3229.67N for square lattice structure and 1324.22N and 1907.21N for circular and hexagonal lattice structures, respectively. To better analyze the results, force–displacement diagrams of the fractured samples were examined, along with photography of the fractured samples and their SEM images.