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<p>4D printing allows the fabrication of dynamic, stimuli-responsive structures that can transform shape. The promising capability of producing complex engineering shapes or structures and retaining the original shape has brought applications in various fields, such as biomedical, aerospace, soft robotics, infrastructure, astronaut suits, healthcare, etc. This manuscript reviews the recent progress in shape memory materials, blends, and reinforcements used for various 4D printing techniques, the various structural designs developed, and their performance. This well-consolidated study will help researchers choose the required materials with an appropriate technique. Further, comparative studies of existing techniques and their strengths, limitations, and applications are also included. Major challenges and specific future directions in this field also provided for future research. The current advancements in polymer 4D printing, difficulties in processing, and the future course of research and applications are all covered in this manuscript.</p>

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Shape memory polymers and composites in 4D printing: techniques and applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月24日

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  • Chitte Prem Kumar,
  • N. Sivanagaraju,
  • M. R. K. Vakkalagadda

摘要

4D printing allows the fabrication of dynamic, stimuli-responsive structures that can transform shape. The promising capability of producing complex engineering shapes or structures and retaining the original shape has brought applications in various fields, such as biomedical, aerospace, soft robotics, infrastructure, astronaut suits, healthcare, etc. This manuscript reviews the recent progress in shape memory materials, blends, and reinforcements used for various 4D printing techniques, the various structural designs developed, and their performance. This well-consolidated study will help researchers choose the required materials with an appropriate technique. Further, comparative studies of existing techniques and their strengths, limitations, and applications are also included. Major challenges and specific future directions in this field also provided for future research. The current advancements in polymer 4D printing, difficulties in processing, and the future course of research and applications are all covered in this manuscript.