An overview of the evolution of additive manufacturing from 3d to 5d printing in biomedical applications

The process of fabricating objects using Additive Manufacturing (AM), commonly known as 3D printing, has significantly transformed the landscape of manufacturing. As technology continues to advance, newer methodologies have emerged. One such advancement is the transition from 3D printing to 5D printing. This innovative technique goes beyond the dimensions of traditional printing by incorporating time, color, and texture. This review delves into the evolution of AM, specifically the shift from 3 to 5D printing. The article explores various applications of both 3D and 4D printing, highlighting their respective drawbacks such as surface imperfections and extensive post-processing required in 3D printing, as well as the increased costs associated with smart materials and sophisticated machinery in 4D printing. The article highlights the potential of 5D printing revealing its enhanced mechanical resilience and reduced material usage in developing intricate and seamlessly integrated shapes. 5D printing has already turned tables in the medical field, particularly in crafting bespoke implants and prosthetics tailored to individual patients. The article further analyzes the application point of view for the discussed AM techniques with an emphasis on orthopedics, dentistry, tissue, and vascular applications. The introduction of 5D printing augurs a disruptive shift for the industry, catalyzing the reconfiguration of design and production methodologies. This evolution arrives at a juncture when 3D printing has already brought about a revolution in the conventional manufacturing practices. The advent of 5D printing extends the possibilities of manufacturing and opens new frontiers in customization and innovation across multiple sectors.