Exosome loaded 3D printed magnetic PLA constructs: a candidate for bone tissue engineering

3D printing technologies leftovers the utmost sightings in tissue engineering as they can reiterate structural motifs present in natural materials by supplying the aptitude to adapt and respond to exterior stimuli, allowing the prospect of producing exceptional architecture with diverse complexity rates. Recently combining 3D structures with extracellular vesicles remains the safest method for cell-free therapy. Therapies based on the delivery of multiple growth factors or vesicles such as exosomes using 3D printed constructs offer a promising approach for optimal bone defect management. In this study, it is established that the 3D-printed constructs hold an excellent property and cytocompatibility. Likewise, the activation of bone regeneration and the mineralization process has been confirmed by Alizarin Red and alkaline phosphatase activity. It is evidenced that osteosarcoma cells-derived exosomes can control better the expression of the osteogenesis-related marker, especially in the living construct 3D-magnetic PLA (mag PLA). This was confirmed by the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells following the upregulation of RUNX2, COL1A1, OPN, and OSC. Thus, these results evinced that exosomes associated with magnetic particles may enhance growth-factor-free bone regeneration, in association with a boosted differentiation offering a novel regulatory system in the osteogenesis evolution. Thus, it is believed as one of the new strategies to improve biomaterial engraftment of great appeal in regenerative medicine.