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<p>While biodegradable metallic implants based on magnesium offer clear advantages over permanent metallic implants, this often cannot be translated to clinical applications due to limitations of the currently available Mg alloys. These can suffer from rapid corrosion and insufficient mechanical strength in living organisms. This study would overcome these shortcomings by preparing hybrid Mg–4Zn nanocomposites with 1&#xa0;wt% yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ) and different TiO<sub>2</sub> content (0.3–1.2&#xa0;wt%) through ultrasonic-assisted stir-squeeze casting. The novelty lies in the synergistic combination of YSZ for structural stability and TiO<sub>2</sub> for corrosion resistance and bioactivity, which has not been systematically explored in Mg–Zn systems. Microstructural analysis showed optimum grain refinement and even distribution of reinforcement at 0.6&#xa0;wt% TiO<sub>2</sub> (M2), and increased loadings resulted in agglomeration. The M2 composite exhibited better mechanical properties, with an ultimate tensile strength of 162&#xa0;MPa (33%), a compressive strength of 277&#xa0;MPa (23%), a flexural strength of 198&#xa0;MPa (37%), and a microhardness of 60&#xa0;HV (43%). These improvements can be explained by the fact that Orowan strengthening, grain refining, and effective load transfer were improved. The wettability was changed to hydrophilic (M2: 60.2°) and hydrophobic (M0: 82°) with a preference for protein adsorption. The corrosion resistance was increased, and the corrosion current density and constant passive layer formation were reduced by YSZ and TiO<sub>2</sub>. Biocompatibility studies demonstrated enhanced MG63 cell viability (135% after 72&#xa0;h) and adhesion, while antibacterial assays showed 53% reduction in <i>S. aureus</i> colonies. The level of haemolysis was less than 5%, which confirmed compatibility of the blood. Mg–4Zn/1YSZ–0.6TiO<sub>2</sub> (M2) nanocomposite was optimised for biodegradable orthopaedic implants with a good balance of mechanical integrity, control of degradation, and positive biological responses.</p>

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Synthesis, Characterisation, and Corrosion Performance of Mg–Zn Alloy Reinforced with YSZ and TiO2 Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月8日

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  • Arunkumar Thirugnanasambandam,
  • S. C. Amith,
  • S. Dharani Kumar,
  • Mugilvalavan Mohan,
  • R. S. Arularasu,
  • P. Parmitha,
  • M. Sameeha

摘要

While biodegradable metallic implants based on magnesium offer clear advantages over permanent metallic implants, this often cannot be translated to clinical applications due to limitations of the currently available Mg alloys. These can suffer from rapid corrosion and insufficient mechanical strength in living organisms. This study would overcome these shortcomings by preparing hybrid Mg–4Zn nanocomposites with 1 wt% yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ) and different TiO2 content (0.3–1.2 wt%) through ultrasonic-assisted stir-squeeze casting. The novelty lies in the synergistic combination of YSZ for structural stability and TiO2 for corrosion resistance and bioactivity, which has not been systematically explored in Mg–Zn systems. Microstructural analysis showed optimum grain refinement and even distribution of reinforcement at 0.6 wt% TiO2 (M2), and increased loadings resulted in agglomeration. The M2 composite exhibited better mechanical properties, with an ultimate tensile strength of 162 MPa (33%), a compressive strength of 277 MPa (23%), a flexural strength of 198 MPa (37%), and a microhardness of 60 HV (43%). These improvements can be explained by the fact that Orowan strengthening, grain refining, and effective load transfer were improved. The wettability was changed to hydrophilic (M2: 60.2°) and hydrophobic (M0: 82°) with a preference for protein adsorption. The corrosion resistance was increased, and the corrosion current density and constant passive layer formation were reduced by YSZ and TiO2. Biocompatibility studies demonstrated enhanced MG63 cell viability (135% after 72 h) and adhesion, while antibacterial assays showed 53% reduction in S. aureus colonies. The level of haemolysis was less than 5%, which confirmed compatibility of the blood. Mg–4Zn/1YSZ–0.6TiO2 (M2) nanocomposite was optimised for biodegradable orthopaedic implants with a good balance of mechanical integrity, control of degradation, and positive biological responses.