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<p>Orthopedic injuries, including bone fractures and ligament tears, represent a major global health issue due to aging populations, road traffic accidents, and degenerative conditions. This study systematically evaluates the influence of T6 heat treatment on the mechanical, tribological, corrosion, and biological properties of Mg–2Zn–1Mn/β-TCP composites fabricated via centrifugal casting. Three compositions were examined, namely unreinforced Mg–2Zn–1Mn (MZM) and composites reinforced with 2.5 wt% and 5 wt% β-TCP (MZM/2.5βTCP and MZM/5βTCP, respectively). Post-treatment characterization revealed notable improvements in the mechanical performance of the composites. The compressive strength of the heat-treated composite increased from 226.81 MPa for MZM to 239.42 MPa (5.6%) for MZM/2.5βTCP and 253.53 MPa (11.8%) for MZM/5βTCP. A decrease in density (1.79 to 1.73 g/cm<sup>3</sup>) and an increase in porosity (5.48% to 12.02%) were observed with increasing β-TCP content. Compared to the unreinforced MZM alloy, the dry wear rate was reduced by 23.6% and 35.8% for MZM/2.5βTCP and MZM/5βTCP, respectively, while the wet wear rate showed even higher reductions of 54.6% and 62.0%, respectively. Electrochemical corrosion studies demonstrated significant improvements in corrosion resistance following T6 treatment. The outer layer corrosion rate of MZM was 5.84 mm/year, which decreased to 0.24 mm/year (95.9% reduction) for MZM/2.5βTCP and 1.45 mm/year (75.2% reduction) for MZM/5βTCP. The corrosion current density of MZM was 256 µA/cm<sup>2</sup>, which decreased to 10.59 µA/cm<sup>2</sup> (95.9% reduction) and 71.61 µA/cm<sup>2</sup> (72.0% reduction) for MZM/2.5βTCP and MZM/5βTCP, respectively. Biological studies showed an improved response compared with the as-cast condition, with cytocompatibility exhibiting over 85% cell viability for all samples. The hemolysis behavior was also improved after heat treatment. In the as-cast condition, the hemolysis rate of the unreinforced alloy was 68.56%, which was reduced to 49.39% after heat treatment. In comparison, MZM/2.5βTCP showed a reduction from 56.77 to 34.32%, while MZM/5βTCP exhibited the highest improvement, with hemolysis decreasing from 54.72 to 30.76%. Overall, the T6 heat treatment provided improvements in mechanical, tribological, corrosion, and biological properties. The results suggest that T6-treated MZM/βTCP composites, particularly MZM/2.5βTCP, show promising potential for load-bearing biodegradable implant applications.</p>

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Effect of T6 Heat Treatment on Mechanical, Tribological, Corrosion, and Biological Properties of β-TCP Reinforced Mg–2Zn–1Mn Composites for Orthopedic Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • C. Vignesh,
  • K. Chockalingam,
  • M. Karthic,
  • K. C. Athithyan

摘要

Orthopedic injuries, including bone fractures and ligament tears, represent a major global health issue due to aging populations, road traffic accidents, and degenerative conditions. This study systematically evaluates the influence of T6 heat treatment on the mechanical, tribological, corrosion, and biological properties of Mg–2Zn–1Mn/β-TCP composites fabricated via centrifugal casting. Three compositions were examined, namely unreinforced Mg–2Zn–1Mn (MZM) and composites reinforced with 2.5 wt% and 5 wt% β-TCP (MZM/2.5βTCP and MZM/5βTCP, respectively). Post-treatment characterization revealed notable improvements in the mechanical performance of the composites. The compressive strength of the heat-treated composite increased from 226.81 MPa for MZM to 239.42 MPa (5.6%) for MZM/2.5βTCP and 253.53 MPa (11.8%) for MZM/5βTCP. A decrease in density (1.79 to 1.73 g/cm3) and an increase in porosity (5.48% to 12.02%) were observed with increasing β-TCP content. Compared to the unreinforced MZM alloy, the dry wear rate was reduced by 23.6% and 35.8% for MZM/2.5βTCP and MZM/5βTCP, respectively, while the wet wear rate showed even higher reductions of 54.6% and 62.0%, respectively. Electrochemical corrosion studies demonstrated significant improvements in corrosion resistance following T6 treatment. The outer layer corrosion rate of MZM was 5.84 mm/year, which decreased to 0.24 mm/year (95.9% reduction) for MZM/2.5βTCP and 1.45 mm/year (75.2% reduction) for MZM/5βTCP. The corrosion current density of MZM was 256 µA/cm2, which decreased to 10.59 µA/cm2 (95.9% reduction) and 71.61 µA/cm2 (72.0% reduction) for MZM/2.5βTCP and MZM/5βTCP, respectively. Biological studies showed an improved response compared with the as-cast condition, with cytocompatibility exhibiting over 85% cell viability for all samples. The hemolysis behavior was also improved after heat treatment. In the as-cast condition, the hemolysis rate of the unreinforced alloy was 68.56%, which was reduced to 49.39% after heat treatment. In comparison, MZM/2.5βTCP showed a reduction from 56.77 to 34.32%, while MZM/5βTCP exhibited the highest improvement, with hemolysis decreasing from 54.72 to 30.76%. Overall, the T6 heat treatment provided improvements in mechanical, tribological, corrosion, and biological properties. The results suggest that T6-treated MZM/βTCP composites, particularly MZM/2.5βTCP, show promising potential for load-bearing biodegradable implant applications.