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<p>Urban lakes in the Himalayan region are increasingly vulnerable to environmental degradation driven by anthropogenic stress and climate variability. This study provides a first long-term basin-wise spatio-temporal evaluation of surface water quality in Dal Lake, an urban Himalayan Lake, using Water Quality Indices (WQIs) and statistical techniques. Based on monthly data from 2003 to 2024, thirteen physicochemical parameters from 21 sites were analyzed and averaged across four basins: Hazratbal, Nishat, Nigeen, and Nehru Park. WQI trends revealed a persistent decline in water quality across all basins, with Nigeen and Nehru Park showing the steepest deterioration. Mann–Kendall trend tests indicated statistically significant monotonic increases in WQI, implying progressive water quality degradation. Sen’s slope estimates further quantified the degradation rates, peaking in Nigeen (2.11 units/year) and Nishat (1.80 units/year). Homogeneity tests (Buishand, SNHT, Pettitt, and Von Neumann Ratio) identified structural breaks in water quality time series between 2015 and 2017. These abrupt shifts are likely associated with intensified tourism, floating waste discharge, and land-use transformation. The findings underscore the inadequacy of uniform management approaches and emphasize the need for basin-specific interventions that address localized pollution sources and hydro-morphological constraints influencing water circulation and pollutant retention. This study offers a robust, evidence-based framework for adaptive lake governance and restoration, relevant for similarly stressed urban water bodies in ecologically sensitive regions.</p>

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Long-term spatio-temporal assessment of surface water quality in a multi-basin urban lake of the Kashmir Himalayas using water quality indices and trend analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Waseem Rashid Taley,
  • Abdul Qayoom Dar

摘要

Urban lakes in the Himalayan region are increasingly vulnerable to environmental degradation driven by anthropogenic stress and climate variability. This study provides a first long-term basin-wise spatio-temporal evaluation of surface water quality in Dal Lake, an urban Himalayan Lake, using Water Quality Indices (WQIs) and statistical techniques. Based on monthly data from 2003 to 2024, thirteen physicochemical parameters from 21 sites were analyzed and averaged across four basins: Hazratbal, Nishat, Nigeen, and Nehru Park. WQI trends revealed a persistent decline in water quality across all basins, with Nigeen and Nehru Park showing the steepest deterioration. Mann–Kendall trend tests indicated statistically significant monotonic increases in WQI, implying progressive water quality degradation. Sen’s slope estimates further quantified the degradation rates, peaking in Nigeen (2.11 units/year) and Nishat (1.80 units/year). Homogeneity tests (Buishand, SNHT, Pettitt, and Von Neumann Ratio) identified structural breaks in water quality time series between 2015 and 2017. These abrupt shifts are likely associated with intensified tourism, floating waste discharge, and land-use transformation. The findings underscore the inadequacy of uniform management approaches and emphasize the need for basin-specific interventions that address localized pollution sources and hydro-morphological constraints influencing water circulation and pollutant retention. This study offers a robust, evidence-based framework for adaptive lake governance and restoration, relevant for similarly stressed urban water bodies in ecologically sensitive regions.