<p>Water politics and extractivism are interrelated phenomena that have profound implications for the social and ecological systems. However, the existing literature on these topics needs a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of their combined impact on hydro-social transformations in the southwestern region of West Bengal, India, where mining and dam construction have altered the hydro-social system. The study findings revealed that the economic imperatives and a favorable administrative environment enable extractive industries to control water resources in the region. These results in new forms of exclusion based on economic interests and geographic location. Communities not directly engaged in the extractive sector or residing outside designated mining and dam zones are struggling to secure their livelihood and basic needs. Moreover, the increasing pollution, loss of access to traditional water resources, and appropriation of water by the mining industry degrade the livelihood, culture and identity of marginalised communities, outside especially farmers, fishers who find no way but to migrate to cope with the arising risk or engage in conflict to sustain their means. Coping strategies such as working in the stone mining industry, over-extracting shallow aquifers or relying on unsafe water sources have become maladaptive, deepening ecological and social vulnerabilities rather than fostering resilience. These outcomes demonstrate that water scarcity stems from deeper failures in governance and entrenched social inequalities. Addressing this crisis requires a shift toward inclusive, participatory water governance frameworks that priorities equity, uphold cultural practices, and strengthen the resilience of affected communities.</p>