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<p>Tissue engineering scaffolds derived from natural biomaterials have gained significant attention due to the potential to mimic the extracellular matrix while ensuring biocompatibility and sustainability. In this study, bio-based scaffolds were developed from decellularized <i>Ficus religiosa</i> leaves and extensively characterized for physicochemical, and biological properties. Decellularization resulted in significant removal of cellular and lignin content, while preserving the native venation and cellulose framework. Surface morphological analysis confirmed the exposure of fibrous cellulose networks, reduced roughness at smaller scales, and enhanced porosity. Functional assays revealed improved swelling capacity of 198.4% in decellulrized leaves, compared to 79.5% in native leaves and a higher water retention capacity of 408.5%. An increased hydrophilicity reflected by a reduced oil contact angle of 33.2° was observed in decellularized leaves compared to that of native leaves (84.38°). Fluorescent transmission infrared spectra confirmed retention of cellulose backbone and alongside removal of hemicellulose and lignin. Haemocompatibility assays classified the scaffolds as slightly non-haemolytic (4.09%) and in-vitro cytocompatibility studies using L929 fibroblasts demonstrated ~76% cell viability. A life cycle assessment (LCA) conducted on the decellularization procedure highlighted fossil resource scarcity and chemical-intensive decellularization steps as primary contributors to environmental impacts. Overall, the study demonstrates the dual potential of <i>F. religiosa</i> leaf scaffolds in advancing regenerative medicine while aligning with sustainability goals through LCA.</p>

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Sustainable Plant-Derived Bio-Scaffolds: Characterization and Life Cycle Assessment of Decellularized Ficus religiosa Leaves

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • Vandana Radhakrishnan,
  • Ramakrishna Prasad Are,
  • Silvarani Behera,
  • Jothiswaran VV,
  • Amrita Singh,
  • Anju R. Babu

摘要

Tissue engineering scaffolds derived from natural biomaterials have gained significant attention due to the potential to mimic the extracellular matrix while ensuring biocompatibility and sustainability. In this study, bio-based scaffolds were developed from decellularized Ficus religiosa leaves and extensively characterized for physicochemical, and biological properties. Decellularization resulted in significant removal of cellular and lignin content, while preserving the native venation and cellulose framework. Surface morphological analysis confirmed the exposure of fibrous cellulose networks, reduced roughness at smaller scales, and enhanced porosity. Functional assays revealed improved swelling capacity of 198.4% in decellulrized leaves, compared to 79.5% in native leaves and a higher water retention capacity of 408.5%. An increased hydrophilicity reflected by a reduced oil contact angle of 33.2° was observed in decellularized leaves compared to that of native leaves (84.38°). Fluorescent transmission infrared spectra confirmed retention of cellulose backbone and alongside removal of hemicellulose and lignin. Haemocompatibility assays classified the scaffolds as slightly non-haemolytic (4.09%) and in-vitro cytocompatibility studies using L929 fibroblasts demonstrated ~76% cell viability. A life cycle assessment (LCA) conducted on the decellularization procedure highlighted fossil resource scarcity and chemical-intensive decellularization steps as primary contributors to environmental impacts. Overall, the study demonstrates the dual potential of F. religiosa leaf scaffolds in advancing regenerative medicine while aligning with sustainability goals through LCA.