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Abstract <p>The renal glomerulus is a complex structure in its biology and anatomy and is essential for the physiological maintenance of fluid balance in the body. Glomerular pathologies are prevalent amongst patients with chronic kidney disease, and there are limited therapeutic options for glomerular disease, as well as challenges in diagnosing glomerular dysfunction. Nanoparticles (NPs), due to their tunable physicochemical properties, show great potential in both diagnosing and treating glomerular diseases. To provide a framework for optimizing NP transport within the glomerulus, a rational NP design approach requires a foundation of mathematical models that predict how these physicochemical characteristics impact NP interactions with the glomerular filtration barrier and the glomerular cells. In this review, we discuss the fundamental models of glomerular hemodynamics and nanoparticle transport and how these models may be combined to predict NP transport behavior in glomerular capillaries. We then discuss two cases wherein mathematical modeling may present an opportunity for the rational design of NPs for diagnosing and treating glomerular disease.</p> Lay Summary <p>There are about 2 million glomerului in human kidneys which are the structures responsible for filtering the blood&#xa0;thus initiating the process of urine&#xa0;formation. Diseases of the glomerulus are a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and kidney failure. Nanoparticles are a class of tiny&#xa0;particles that vary in size, such that small nanoparticles are filtered with water in the glomerulus and large nanoparticles are kept inside&#xa0;the capillaries and do not escape as urine. This review focuses on how nanoparticles act in the glomerulus and the mathematical models that can describe these behaviors.</p>

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Fertile Ground for Mathematical Modeling: Therapeutic and Diagnostic Nanoparticle Transport in the Glomerulus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月2日

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  • Owen Richfield,
  • Ricardo Cortez,
  • L. Gabriel Navar,
  • Jordan S. Pober,
  • Jie Zheng,
  • W. Mark Saltzman

摘要

Abstract

The renal glomerulus is a complex structure in its biology and anatomy and is essential for the physiological maintenance of fluid balance in the body. Glomerular pathologies are prevalent amongst patients with chronic kidney disease, and there are limited therapeutic options for glomerular disease, as well as challenges in diagnosing glomerular dysfunction. Nanoparticles (NPs), due to their tunable physicochemical properties, show great potential in both diagnosing and treating glomerular diseases. To provide a framework for optimizing NP transport within the glomerulus, a rational NP design approach requires a foundation of mathematical models that predict how these physicochemical characteristics impact NP interactions with the glomerular filtration barrier and the glomerular cells. In this review, we discuss the fundamental models of glomerular hemodynamics and nanoparticle transport and how these models may be combined to predict NP transport behavior in glomerular capillaries. We then discuss two cases wherein mathematical modeling may present an opportunity for the rational design of NPs for diagnosing and treating glomerular disease.

Lay Summary

There are about 2 million glomerului in human kidneys which are the structures responsible for filtering the blood thus initiating the process of urine formation. Diseases of the glomerulus are a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and kidney failure. Nanoparticles are a class of tiny particles that vary in size, such that small nanoparticles are filtered with water in the glomerulus and large nanoparticles are kept inside the capillaries and do not escape as urine. This review focuses on how nanoparticles act in the glomerulus and the mathematical models that can describe these behaviors.