<p>A mapping <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40879_2025_849_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="86" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f:{X\rightarrow X}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mrow> <mi>X</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <i>X</i> is a compact metric space, is <i>strongly mixing</i> if for each nonempty open subset <i>U</i> of <i>X</i> and for each <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40879_2025_849_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x\in X\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, there exists <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40879_2025_849_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="50" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(N\in \mathbb {N}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that if <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40879_2025_849_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="51" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n\geqslant N\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>⩾</mo> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, then <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40879_2025_849_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="75" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(x\in f^n(U)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msup> <mi>f</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and <i>f</i> is <i>exact</i> if for each nonempty open subset <i>U</i> of <i>X</i> there exists <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40879_2025_849_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="45" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n\in \mathbb {N}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40879_2025_849_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="85" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f^n(U)=X\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>f</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>X</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. It is easy to prove that if <i>X</i> is a tree and <i>f</i> is a strongly mixing mapping, then <i>f</i> is exact. We show that this result cannot be extended to dendrites, by proving that for each dendrite <i>D</i> which is not a tree, there exists a continuous function <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40879_2025_849_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="85" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(f:D\rightarrow D\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> that is strongly mixing but it is not exact.</p>

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Strongly mixing, but not exact mappings on dendrites

  • Alejandro Illanes,
  • Leonel Rito

摘要

A mapping \(f:{X\rightarrow X}\) f : X X , where X is a compact metric space, is strongly mixing if for each nonempty open subset U of X and for each \(x\in X\) x X , there exists \(N\in \mathbb {N}\) N N such that if \(n\geqslant N\) n N , then \(x\in f^n(U)\) x f n ( U ) , and f is exact if for each nonempty open subset U of X there exists \(n\in \mathbb {N}\) n N such that \(f^n(U)=X\) f n ( U ) = X . It is easy to prove that if X is a tree and f is a strongly mixing mapping, then f is exact. We show that this result cannot be extended to dendrites, by proving that for each dendrite D which is not a tree, there exists a continuous function \(f:D\rightarrow D\) f : D D that is strongly mixing but it is not exact.