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<p>The structural performance of gravity-type wharves critically depends on the precise preparation of underwater foundations. However, traditional heavy hammer compaction methods suffer from incomplete coverage, misaligned strikes, and uneven surfaces. These issues are primarily due to the separation between the compaction and leveling phases. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes an intelligent vessel-mounted hammer system that integrates GNSS-RTK positioning, a high-precision wireline displacement sensor, and a real-time data visualization platform. The system enables continuous monitoring and feedback control of both horizontal and vertical hammer positions relative to design targets, facilitating synchronized compaction and leveling operations. Field experiments conducted at a wharf construction site in Shenzhen demonstrated that the system achieved a horizontal positioning accuracy of ± 2&#xa0;cm and a vertical accuracy of ± 1.2&#xa0;cm. These results further indicate that the system not only enhances the measurement precision and operational control of underwater foundations, but also provides real-time data support for construction monitoring, improving the efficiency and safety of marine operations and offering an effective, visual approach for underwater surveying and monitoring applications.</p>

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GNSS-RTK-based monitoring system for underwater leveling in gravity-type wharf construction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月10日

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  • Li Jiang,
  • Xiwu She,
  • Rui Sun,
  • Minglei Guan,
  • Lin Tian,
  • Xuepu Qian

摘要

The structural performance of gravity-type wharves critically depends on the precise preparation of underwater foundations. However, traditional heavy hammer compaction methods suffer from incomplete coverage, misaligned strikes, and uneven surfaces. These issues are primarily due to the separation between the compaction and leveling phases. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes an intelligent vessel-mounted hammer system that integrates GNSS-RTK positioning, a high-precision wireline displacement sensor, and a real-time data visualization platform. The system enables continuous monitoring and feedback control of both horizontal and vertical hammer positions relative to design targets, facilitating synchronized compaction and leveling operations. Field experiments conducted at a wharf construction site in Shenzhen demonstrated that the system achieved a horizontal positioning accuracy of ± 2 cm and a vertical accuracy of ± 1.2 cm. These results further indicate that the system not only enhances the measurement precision and operational control of underwater foundations, but also provides real-time data support for construction monitoring, improving the efficiency and safety of marine operations and offering an effective, visual approach for underwater surveying and monitoring applications.