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<p>Resilience-based microgrid planning requires optimally sized distributed energy resources (DERs) capacities as well as flexibly modifiable operating strategies under disaster conditions. This work presents a framework to balance cost and resilience, in which solar photovoltaic (PV), fixed battery energy storage systems (FBESS), and mobile battery energy storage systems (MBESS) are optimally sized to serve critical loads under resilience thresholds. A Marginal Cost of Resilience (MCR) metric is employed to assess the cost-effectiveness of marginal DER capacity expansion, enabling systematic evaluation of cost–resilience trade-offs. In addition to DER optimization, an Energy Management System (EMS)–based disaster-mode load trimming strategy is incorporated as an operational flexibility option. The algorithm facilitates trimming of moderate and least critical loads in user-specified daily segments by operator-chosen percentages. Rather than introducing load trimming as a novel concept, the framework evaluates its financial efficiency relative to capacity-based solutions. The released capacity improves the availability of the battery in meeting critical loads in disasters. The formulation of MCR is further extended to include disaster-mode operation costs such as pre-charging, load trimming penalty, and battery degradation in terms of resilience targets. The results indicate that EMS-based load trimming outperforms marginal DER capacity expansion in cost-effectiveness across all tested resilience targets. For <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{R}_{\text {targ}} = \varvec{6}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>–<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varvec{6.75}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, the hybrid trimming strategy yields MCR values of $67–$81/unit resilience, whereas the 10% FBESS expansion, which represents the most cost-effective DER option in this range, yields MCR values of $28,971–$49,154/unit resilience. The proposed framework serves as a decision-support tool that integrates optimal DER sizing with EMS-based operational flexibility to support resilience-oriented microgrid planning.</p>

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Resilience Enhancement in Microgrids via Optimized DER Planning and EMS Coordination Using an MCR Approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月6日

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  • Usama Aslam,
  • Md Khairul Islam,
  • Farzad Ferdowsi

摘要

Resilience-based microgrid planning requires optimally sized distributed energy resources (DERs) capacities as well as flexibly modifiable operating strategies under disaster conditions. This work presents a framework to balance cost and resilience, in which solar photovoltaic (PV), fixed battery energy storage systems (FBESS), and mobile battery energy storage systems (MBESS) are optimally sized to serve critical loads under resilience thresholds. A Marginal Cost of Resilience (MCR) metric is employed to assess the cost-effectiveness of marginal DER capacity expansion, enabling systematic evaluation of cost–resilience trade-offs. In addition to DER optimization, an Energy Management System (EMS)–based disaster-mode load trimming strategy is incorporated as an operational flexibility option. The algorithm facilitates trimming of moderate and least critical loads in user-specified daily segments by operator-chosen percentages. Rather than introducing load trimming as a novel concept, the framework evaluates its financial efficiency relative to capacity-based solutions. The released capacity improves the availability of the battery in meeting critical loads in disasters. The formulation of MCR is further extended to include disaster-mode operation costs such as pre-charging, load trimming penalty, and battery degradation in terms of resilience targets. The results indicate that EMS-based load trimming outperforms marginal DER capacity expansion in cost-effectiveness across all tested resilience targets. For \(\varvec{R}_{\text {targ}} = \varvec{6}\) – \(\varvec{6.75}\) , the hybrid trimming strategy yields MCR values of $67–$81/unit resilience, whereas the 10% FBESS expansion, which represents the most cost-effective DER option in this range, yields MCR values of $28,971–$49,154/unit resilience. The proposed framework serves as a decision-support tool that integrates optimal DER sizing with EMS-based operational flexibility to support resilience-oriented microgrid planning.