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<p>Complex circular leaf spot (CCLS) has emerged as a significant foliar disease of <i>Hevea brasiliensis</i> in major rubber-producing regions, posing a threat to latex yield and the sustainability of plantations. This review consolidates current knowledge on the etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of CCLS, with an emphasis on its polymicrobial nature involving species from the genera <i>Colletotrichum</i>, <i>Neopestalotiopsis</i>, and <i>Pestalotiopsis</i>. Misidentification of symptoms and pathogens continues to hinder accurate diagnosis and timely intervention. Although chemical fungicides remain central to control efforts, growing environmental concerns and emerging fungicide resistance underscore the urgent need for integrated strategies. Biological control, the development of resistant clones, and improved diagnostic protocols have shown promise but require further validation and broader field-level adoption. This review highlights critical knowledge gaps, including inconsistent surveillance, limited availability of resistant germplasm, and underexplored socioeconomic impacts, particularly among smallholder growers. Recommendations include advancing molecular diagnostics, accelerating resistance breeding, promoting agroforestry practices, and fostering regional extension networks and public–private partnerships. Addressing these challenges will be vital for the long-term resilience of natural rubber production systems in the face of this emerging disease complex.</p>

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Complex circular leaf spot (CCLS) disease of Hevea brasiliensis: a comprehensive review from etiology to management in producing regions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Syd Ali Nusaibah,
  • Syed Sagaff Sharifah Aliya,
  • Intan Sakinah Mohd Anuar

摘要

Complex circular leaf spot (CCLS) has emerged as a significant foliar disease of Hevea brasiliensis in major rubber-producing regions, posing a threat to latex yield and the sustainability of plantations. This review consolidates current knowledge on the etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of CCLS, with an emphasis on its polymicrobial nature involving species from the genera Colletotrichum, Neopestalotiopsis, and Pestalotiopsis. Misidentification of symptoms and pathogens continues to hinder accurate diagnosis and timely intervention. Although chemical fungicides remain central to control efforts, growing environmental concerns and emerging fungicide resistance underscore the urgent need for integrated strategies. Biological control, the development of resistant clones, and improved diagnostic protocols have shown promise but require further validation and broader field-level adoption. This review highlights critical knowledge gaps, including inconsistent surveillance, limited availability of resistant germplasm, and underexplored socioeconomic impacts, particularly among smallholder growers. Recommendations include advancing molecular diagnostics, accelerating resistance breeding, promoting agroforestry practices, and fostering regional extension networks and public–private partnerships. Addressing these challenges will be vital for the long-term resilience of natural rubber production systems in the face of this emerging disease complex.