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<p>Hand-to-mouth (HtM) behavior matters to macroeconomic policies and economic stability, yet its determinants and link to financial access remain underexplored in Asian developing countries. This study addresses this gap using the Global Findex Database 2021 across twenty-seven economies. A novel Financial Access Index (FAI) is constructed via a two-stage principal component analysis (PCA), integrating traditional and digital financial dimensions. A univariate probit model is employed to examine correlations. Results show a negative correlation between financial access and HtM behavior, with individuals in higher-FAI countries being less likely to be HtM. Significant heterogeneity exists across different country groups, subregions, rural and urban areas, and vulnerable populations. Key determinants include tertiary education and income levels. The unemployment rate, share of the informal sector and share of employment working in agriculture are positively associated with HtM behavior, while there is a negative linkage between the Human Development Index (HDI) and the behavior. This study contributes by providing empirical evidence on financial access and HtM behavior in Asian developing countries, offering policy insights to enhance financial access and conduct macroeconomic policies.</p>

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Determinants of hand-to-mouth behavior in Asian developing countries: Does financial access matter?

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月1日

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  • Tran Huu Tuyen

摘要

Hand-to-mouth (HtM) behavior matters to macroeconomic policies and economic stability, yet its determinants and link to financial access remain underexplored in Asian developing countries. This study addresses this gap using the Global Findex Database 2021 across twenty-seven economies. A novel Financial Access Index (FAI) is constructed via a two-stage principal component analysis (PCA), integrating traditional and digital financial dimensions. A univariate probit model is employed to examine correlations. Results show a negative correlation between financial access and HtM behavior, with individuals in higher-FAI countries being less likely to be HtM. Significant heterogeneity exists across different country groups, subregions, rural and urban areas, and vulnerable populations. Key determinants include tertiary education and income levels. The unemployment rate, share of the informal sector and share of employment working in agriculture are positively associated with HtM behavior, while there is a negative linkage between the Human Development Index (HDI) and the behavior. This study contributes by providing empirical evidence on financial access and HtM behavior in Asian developing countries, offering policy insights to enhance financial access and conduct macroeconomic policies.