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<p>Flexible tactile sensors are a cornerstone of emerging human-machine interaction systems, enabling machines to perceive and respond to complex mechanical stimuli. However, achieving accurate and decoupled sensing of three-dimensional (3D) forces, together with their practical integration into functional systems, remains a significant challenge. Here, a piezoresistive 3D force sensor based on ionic hydrogels is presented, capable of detecting and analyzing multi-directional forces. The sensor exhibits a good linear response to normal forces in the range of 1–25 N (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>=0.99) and maintains stable sensitivity for shear forces within the 0–4 N range. Moreover, the application of this sensor in a flexible password security system demonstrates considerable advantages. By incorporating both force magnitude and direction, our system expands the traditional one-dimensional password input into a multidimensional format, enabling the effective encryption of numeric, alphabetic and Morse code inputs. Experimental results indicate that this system holds significant potential for enhancing information security.</p>

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An ionic hydrogel-based 3D force sensor for multidimensional password input and enhanced security

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Haoyang Zhao,
  • Xiaoqin Li,
  • Xinming Zhuang,
  • Qikai Guo,
  • Min Zhang,
  • Yang Li

摘要

Flexible tactile sensors are a cornerstone of emerging human-machine interaction systems, enabling machines to perceive and respond to complex mechanical stimuli. However, achieving accurate and decoupled sensing of three-dimensional (3D) forces, together with their practical integration into functional systems, remains a significant challenge. Here, a piezoresistive 3D force sensor based on ionic hydrogels is presented, capable of detecting and analyzing multi-directional forces. The sensor exhibits a good linear response to normal forces in the range of 1–25 N (R2=0.99) and maintains stable sensitivity for shear forces within the 0–4 N range. Moreover, the application of this sensor in a flexible password security system demonstrates considerable advantages. By incorporating both force magnitude and direction, our system expands the traditional one-dimensional password input into a multidimensional format, enabling the effective encryption of numeric, alphabetic and Morse code inputs. Experimental results indicate that this system holds significant potential for enhancing information security.