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<p>The uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites has been regarded as a critical challenge to the advancement of high-energy lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) for future multi-scenario applications. Emerging Janus/gradient anode structures represent a transformative advancement in addressing the persistent challenges of lithium dendrite growth and volume fluctuation in LMBs. This review systematically summarizes the design principles, operational mechanisms, and recent progress of Janus and gradient anode architectures, highlighting their innovative role in guiding uniform lithium deposition and enhancing interfacial stability. Unlike conventional 3D current collectors, these structures feature asymmetric or gradient properties—such as lithiophilicity, conductivity, or porosity—enabling bottom-up plating and efficient space utilization. Key topics include lithiophilic-lithiophobic Janus designs, conductivity-gradient frameworks, and dual-gradient configurations, which collectively contribute to improved Coulombic efficiency, cyclic longevity, and safety. The review concludes with a perspective on future research directions, underscoring the potential of Janus/gradient anodes in enabling high-energy-density and durable LMBs.</p>

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Emerging Janus/gradient anode structures for high-performance lithium-metal batteries

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • Dongdong Li,
  • Yanan Sun,
  • Hao Liu,
  • Hai Pan,
  • Qi Sun,
  • Shengchen Yang,
  • Wen-Yong Lai

摘要

The uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites has been regarded as a critical challenge to the advancement of high-energy lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) for future multi-scenario applications. Emerging Janus/gradient anode structures represent a transformative advancement in addressing the persistent challenges of lithium dendrite growth and volume fluctuation in LMBs. This review systematically summarizes the design principles, operational mechanisms, and recent progress of Janus and gradient anode architectures, highlighting their innovative role in guiding uniform lithium deposition and enhancing interfacial stability. Unlike conventional 3D current collectors, these structures feature asymmetric or gradient properties—such as lithiophilicity, conductivity, or porosity—enabling bottom-up plating and efficient space utilization. Key topics include lithiophilic-lithiophobic Janus designs, conductivity-gradient frameworks, and dual-gradient configurations, which collectively contribute to improved Coulombic efficiency, cyclic longevity, and safety. The review concludes with a perspective on future research directions, underscoring the potential of Janus/gradient anodes in enabling high-energy-density and durable LMBs.