<p>Anode-free sodium metal batteries (AF-SMBs) have attracted considerable interest due to their high energy density and low cost, yet their practical deployment is hindered by interfacial instability stemming from sluggish Na<sup>+</sup> kinetics and non-uniform deposition behavior. Here, we engineer FeCoNiCuMn high-entropy alloy (HEA) nanoparticles evenly anchored on N-doped carbon nanofibers (HEANCF) via a scalable electrospinning-pyrolysis route, achieving simultaneous modulation of Na deposition kinetics and interfacial Fermi-level. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the HEANCF heterointerface exhibits high binding energy toward Na atoms, facilitating efficient desolvation and adsorption processes. Critically, a built-in electric field spontaneously formed at the interface due to the work function difference drives interfacial electron redistribution, guiding uniform Na<sup>+</sup> diffusion and enhancing interfacial kinetics, thereby leading to homogeneous Na deposition. Moreover, the heterostructure demonstrates strong affinity for PF<sub>6</sub><sup>−</sup> anions, promoting their preferential decomposition and forming a robust, NaF-rich solid electrolyte interphase, which effectively suppresses electron tunneling and parasitic reactions. As a result, the full cells employing Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> cathodes demonstrate a capacity retention of 80% after 600 cycles at 1 C. Importantly, Ah-level pouch cells deliver ~200 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup> energy density and retain 87% capacity after 150 cycles at 0.5 C. This study pioneers a coherent interfacial-kinetics framework for practical, high-energy AFSMBs.</p>

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Work-function-engineered high-entropy alloy/carbon nanofibers direct Na+ transport for stable anode-free sodium batteries

  • Saisai Qiu,
  • Haolin Zhu,
  • Qiang Wu,
  • Jiayue Peng,
  • Canfu Zhang,
  • Shijie Cheng,
  • Jia Xie

摘要

Anode-free sodium metal batteries (AF-SMBs) have attracted considerable interest due to their high energy density and low cost, yet their practical deployment is hindered by interfacial instability stemming from sluggish Na+ kinetics and non-uniform deposition behavior. Here, we engineer FeCoNiCuMn high-entropy alloy (HEA) nanoparticles evenly anchored on N-doped carbon nanofibers (HEANCF) via a scalable electrospinning-pyrolysis route, achieving simultaneous modulation of Na deposition kinetics and interfacial Fermi-level. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the HEANCF heterointerface exhibits high binding energy toward Na atoms, facilitating efficient desolvation and adsorption processes. Critically, a built-in electric field spontaneously formed at the interface due to the work function difference drives interfacial electron redistribution, guiding uniform Na+ diffusion and enhancing interfacial kinetics, thereby leading to homogeneous Na deposition. Moreover, the heterostructure demonstrates strong affinity for PF6 anions, promoting their preferential decomposition and forming a robust, NaF-rich solid electrolyte interphase, which effectively suppresses electron tunneling and parasitic reactions. As a result, the full cells employing Na3V2(PO4)3 cathodes demonstrate a capacity retention of 80% after 600 cycles at 1 C. Importantly, Ah-level pouch cells deliver ~200 Wh kg−1 energy density and retain 87% capacity after 150 cycles at 0.5 C. This study pioneers a coherent interfacial-kinetics framework for practical, high-energy AFSMBs.