<p>The tertiary spatial structure of biological macromolecules determines their physiological functions. In the formation of the tertiary structure of biological macromolecules, the secondary structure serves as the assembly foundation. Moreover, the interactions between secondary structures play a critical role in driving and stabilizing the tertiary architecture. Synthetic foldamers, characterized by their modifiability and structural diversity, can adopt various helical conformations, enabling them to mimic natural protein secondary structures such as the α-helix, while also providing chemical models for studying interactions between secondary structures. In this review, we outline recent advances in aromatic foldamers and supramolecular helical assemblies formed by helical polymers, with particular attention to the unique chiral phenomena observed during the formation of helical secondary structures. Furthermore, we provide a detailed summary of their applications in molecular recognition, ion channels, circularly polarized luminescence, among others, and discuss the future challenges facing aromatic foldamers.</p>