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<p>Fabrication of large-area perovskite solar modules under ambient air conditions remains a critical challenge due to air sensitivity of perovskite intermediate phases during crystallization. Here, we introduce 2-iodoimidazole (IIZ) into the perovskite precursor, enabling the formation of an air-stable pure δ-phase intermediate, which, upon annealing, fully transforms into a highly oriented α-phase perovskite film with reduced defects and variability. Leveraging this approach, we achieve a stabilized power conversion efficiency of 20.9% for 927.5 cm<sup>2</sup> perovskite solar modules with high reproducibility. The encapsulated modules meet stringent international photovoltaic testing standards (IEC61215:2021), demonstrating excellent stability under continuous operation, thermal cycling (−40 to 85 °C) and damp heat (85 °C and 85% relative humidity).</p>

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Stable δ-FA(Cs)PbI3 intermediate enables fabrication of large-area perovskite solar modules in ambient air

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月5日

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  • Chenyang Duan,
  • Ke Xiao,
  • Yinke Wang,
  • Ye Liu,
  • Yameen Ahmed,
  • Zhentao Pang,
  • Wenjun Zhan,
  • Hongfei Sun,
  • Han Gao,
  • Haowen Luo,
  • Yuhong Zhang,
  • Xin Luo,
  • Yu Deng,
  • Makhsud I. Saidaminov,
  • Hairen Tan

摘要

Fabrication of large-area perovskite solar modules under ambient air conditions remains a critical challenge due to air sensitivity of perovskite intermediate phases during crystallization. Here, we introduce 2-iodoimidazole (IIZ) into the perovskite precursor, enabling the formation of an air-stable pure δ-phase intermediate, which, upon annealing, fully transforms into a highly oriented α-phase perovskite film with reduced defects and variability. Leveraging this approach, we achieve a stabilized power conversion efficiency of 20.9% for 927.5 cm2 perovskite solar modules with high reproducibility. The encapsulated modules meet stringent international photovoltaic testing standards (IEC61215:2021), demonstrating excellent stability under continuous operation, thermal cycling (−40 to 85 °C) and damp heat (85 °C and 85% relative humidity).