<p>Damping materials can reduce vibrations and noises at various frequencies by converting mechanical energy into thermal energy. Nevertheless, contemporary damping materials are incapable of attaining a trade-off between high damping capacity and high toughness. Herein, we designed and synthesized a supramolecular polymer (SMP) that integrates high damping and toughness through the synergistic effect of dynamic hydrogen bonds and side chain relaxation. This structural design results in exceptional mechanical properties, including a Young’s modulus of 47.08 MPa, elongation at break of 605% and a toughness of 15.24 MJ m⁻³. The dynamic hydrogen bonds provide dual responsiveness to strain rate and temperature, with a 6.7-fold change in Young’s modulus under varying stretching rates and a five-order magnitude variation in storage modulus across different temperatures. The side chains interpenetrate and undergo mutual friction under mechanical forces, allowing repetitive energy dissipation. This mechanism gives the material superior damping ability and high energy dissipation efficiency, with a loss factor (tanδ) of 1.6 at 1 Hz, endowing the supramolecular damping polymer with outstanding performance in absorbing vibrations and reducing noises.</p>