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<p>Virtual reality (VR) technology holds significant application values in entertainment, telemedicine, and other fields. However, current VR systems primarily reproduce visual and auditory stimulation with limited tactile feedback, while research on olfactory and gustatory reproduction remains relatively scarce. Given that olfaction plays vital roles in influencing human emotions, memory, and danger warning compared to taste, its absence significantly limits the multisensory immersive experience in VR applications; therefore, the development of olfactory display technology is crucial and essential nowadays. This paper categorizes reported olfactory display mechanisms into three types: airflow-based, atomization-based, and heating-based approaches, detailing their respective implementation methods and electrical characteristics. Furthermore, we systematically review the structural configurations and operational mechanisms of stationary, portable, and wearable olfactory display systems, while also examining recent advances in noninvasive electrical stimulation for inducing olfactory perception. Finally, driven by user demands for improved mobility and wearability in current wearable devices, along with advancements in flexible electronics, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), and artificial intelligence (AI), olfactory display technology is evolving toward flexible, wearable, miniaturized, and intelligent solutions.</p>

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Advances in olfactory displays for multisensory immersion: principles, applications, and future directions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月7日

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  • Xue Wang,
  • Miao Kong,
  • Junchen Liao,
  • Ying Hong,
  • Shiyuan Liu,
  • Yiming Liu

摘要

Virtual reality (VR) technology holds significant application values in entertainment, telemedicine, and other fields. However, current VR systems primarily reproduce visual and auditory stimulation with limited tactile feedback, while research on olfactory and gustatory reproduction remains relatively scarce. Given that olfaction plays vital roles in influencing human emotions, memory, and danger warning compared to taste, its absence significantly limits the multisensory immersive experience in VR applications; therefore, the development of olfactory display technology is crucial and essential nowadays. This paper categorizes reported olfactory display mechanisms into three types: airflow-based, atomization-based, and heating-based approaches, detailing their respective implementation methods and electrical characteristics. Furthermore, we systematically review the structural configurations and operational mechanisms of stationary, portable, and wearable olfactory display systems, while also examining recent advances in noninvasive electrical stimulation for inducing olfactory perception. Finally, driven by user demands for improved mobility and wearability in current wearable devices, along with advancements in flexible electronics, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), and artificial intelligence (AI), olfactory display technology is evolving toward flexible, wearable, miniaturized, and intelligent solutions.