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<p>Biomass-derived hard carbons (HCs) are promising anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their low cost, renewable nature, and structural stability, yet their practical application is hindered by a low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and inadequate rate capability. Herein, we report a tri-functional nitric acid treatment coupled with one-step carbonization to synthesize a hard carbon with a sp<sup>2</sup>-C-dominated structure. The process not only eliminates impurities but also selectively dissolves lignin in the biomass, thereby promoting the alignment of graphite microcrystals. At the same time, edge-N and C=O groups are grafted onto the carbon skeleton, which together produce an HC with an optimized interlayer spacing and abundant closed micropores. These structure modifications collectively increase Na<sup>+</sup> adsorption kinetics in the sloping region and enable efficient sodium storage in the low-voltage plateau region, yielding a high ICE of 91.69% and a remarkable rate capability, with 83.9% capacity retention at 600 mA g<sup>−1</sup>. A full SIB cell using this HC anode with a Na<sub>3</sub>V<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> cathode delivers an energy density of 213.14 Wh kg<sup>−1</sup>, demonstrating its practical potential. This work offers a simple and scalable engineering strategy to overcome the performance vs. manufacturing cost dilemma in developing HC anodes.</p>

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Facile synthesis of sp2-enriched hard carbon anodes for high-efficiency sodium storage

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月25日

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  • Xiangying Yuan,
  • Guilai Zhang,
  • Yijie Wei,
  • Jun Xiao,
  • Xuzhao Wei,
  • Hong Gao,
  • Xin Guo,
  • Jilei Liu,
  • Huiming Cheng

摘要

Biomass-derived hard carbons (HCs) are promising anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their low cost, renewable nature, and structural stability, yet their practical application is hindered by a low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and inadequate rate capability. Herein, we report a tri-functional nitric acid treatment coupled with one-step carbonization to synthesize a hard carbon with a sp2-C-dominated structure. The process not only eliminates impurities but also selectively dissolves lignin in the biomass, thereby promoting the alignment of graphite microcrystals. At the same time, edge-N and C=O groups are grafted onto the carbon skeleton, which together produce an HC with an optimized interlayer spacing and abundant closed micropores. These structure modifications collectively increase Na+ adsorption kinetics in the sloping region and enable efficient sodium storage in the low-voltage plateau region, yielding a high ICE of 91.69% and a remarkable rate capability, with 83.9% capacity retention at 600 mA g−1. A full SIB cell using this HC anode with a Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode delivers an energy density of 213.14 Wh kg−1, demonstrating its practical potential. This work offers a simple and scalable engineering strategy to overcome the performance vs. manufacturing cost dilemma in developing HC anodes.