<p>Traditional temperature measurement methods, such as thermocouples and infrared thermometers, have been widely used, but still have certain limitations in terms of temperature measurement range and accuracy. Rare earth-doped fluorescent materials represent a class of materials with unique temperature-sensitive properties. By detecting their temperature-dependent optical characteristics, such as fluorescence intensity and fluorescence lifetime, these materials enable non-destructive, real-time, and dynamic temperature monitoring across various temperature ranges. They exhibit high measurement accuracy and are applicable to a wide range of fields. In particular, for temperature monitoring in biomedical and aerospace applications, fluorescence thermometry offers significant advantages and demonstrates vast potential compared to traditional temperature measurement methods. This review focuses on fluorescent thermometry materials, conducting a detailed investigation and analysis of their temperature measurement principles, measurement ranges, and application fields. It delves into and summarizes the selection rules of rare earth fluorescent materials in various application domains and offers suggestions for the future development directions of fluorescence materials in the field of temperature measurement.</p>