Electrocatalytic nitrogen oxidation reaction: potential cornerstones for new green nitrogen economy

A sustainable nitrogen fixation industrial chain centered around nitrate has been proposed in recent years, incorporating advanced techniques such as electro/photo-catalytic nitrate reduction for ammonia and the co-reduction of nitrate and CO₂ for urea production. However, nitrate production heavily relies on energy-intensive processes, which necessitate high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, leading to significant energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. So, electrocatalytic nitrogen oxidation is receiving increasing attention as a novel pathway for nitric acid production. Herein, we summarize the recent developments of N₂ oxidation reactions with a focus on their design, mechanism, and catalytic kinetics regulation. Based on the results discussed, we briefly present the current challenges and propose several future opportunities.