<p>We say that a set <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1882_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="55" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega \subseteq {\mathbb {R}}^n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>⊆</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with positive Lebesgue measure is a <i>spectral set</i> if <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1882_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(L^{2}(\Omega )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msup> <mi>L</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> admits an orthogonal basis of exponentials. In this paper, we study the spectrality of self-affine tiles. We prove a class of sets <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1882_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="104" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T:=T(M,D)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>D</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with positive Lebesgue measure satisfying <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1882_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="146" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(MT=\bigcup _{d\in D}(T+d)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>⋃</mo> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are spectral sets, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1882_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="87" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(M\in M_{2}({\mathbb {Z}})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is an expanding matrix with <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1882_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="100" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(|\det {(M)}|=4\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo movablelimits="true">det</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1882_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="215" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(D=\{{\textbf{0}},\mathbf {\alpha },\beta ,-(\alpha +\beta )\}\subset {\mathbb {Z}}^2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn mathvariant="bold">0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> <mo>⊂</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a non-collinear digit set. As an application, we conclude that <i>T</i> is a spectral set if and only if it tiles <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1882_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="18" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\mathbb {R}}^2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> by translations.</p>

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Spectrality of a class of Cantor-dust type self-affine tiles

  • Jing-cheng Liu,
  • Jia-jie Wang,
  • Jia Zheng

摘要

We say that a set \(\Omega \subseteq {\mathbb {R}}^n\) Ω R n with positive Lebesgue measure is a spectral set if \(L^{2}(\Omega )\) L 2 ( Ω ) admits an orthogonal basis of exponentials. In this paper, we study the spectrality of self-affine tiles. We prove a class of sets \(T:=T(M,D)\) T : = T ( M , D ) with positive Lebesgue measure satisfying \(MT=\bigcup _{d\in D}(T+d)\) M T = d D ( T + d ) are spectral sets, where \(M\in M_{2}({\mathbb {Z}})\) M M 2 ( Z ) is an expanding matrix with \(|\det {(M)}|=4\) | det ( M ) | = 4 and \(D=\{{\textbf{0}},\mathbf {\alpha },\beta ,-(\alpha +\beta )\}\subset {\mathbb {Z}}^2\) D = { 0 , α , β , - ( α + β ) } Z 2 is a non-collinear digit set. As an application, we conclude that T is a spectral set if and only if it tiles \({\mathbb {R}}^2\) R 2 by translations.