<p>In this paper, we study some variations of perspectivity of modules. We investigate the relationships between variations of perspectivity of a module and almost uniqueness of direct complements of a module. We show that there exist s-perspective modules, and so almost dual perspective modules, whose direct complements are not almost unique. Also we construct almost dual perspective and <i>D</i>3-modules, namely s-perspective modules whose direct complements are not almost unique. Moreover, we examine the direct sums of s-perspective modules and the modules whose direct complements are almost unique by using pairwise orthogonal primitive idempotents and <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1840_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textrm{m}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mtext>m</mtext> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-local components of any module <i>M</i> over a commutative ring. Finally, we prove some structural results over commutative Dedekind domains. Let <i>R</i> be a commutative Dedekind domain with quotient field <i>Q</i>. Let <i>M</i> be a non-zero injective <i>R</i>-module. Then direct complements of <i>M</i> are almost unique if and only if either <i>M</i> is a torsion module such that every non-zero <i>P</i>-primary component is isomorphic to <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1840_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="53" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(R(P^\infty )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>P</mi> <mi>∞</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> or <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1840_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="59" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(M\cong Q\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mo>≅</mo> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. As a consequence we obtain that direct complements of <i>M</i> are almost unique if and only if for every non-zero prime ideal <i>P</i>, there exist <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1840_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="75" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a\in \{0, 1\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and a non-negative integer <i>n</i> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1840_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="232" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T_P(M)\cong (R(P^\infty ))^a\oplus (R/P^nR)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>P</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>≅</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>P</mi> <mi>∞</mi> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>a</mi> </msup> <mo>⊕</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msup> <mi>P</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msup> <mi>R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if and only if <i>M</i> is a <i>D</i>3-module, where <i>R</i> is a commutative Dedekind domain and <i>M</i> is a non-zero torsion <i>R</i>-module. Let <i>R</i> be a discrete valuation ring with maximal ideal <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1840_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="61" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textrm{m}=pR\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mtext>m</mtext> <mo>=</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Let <i>M</i> be a non-zero reduced <i>R</i>-module which is not torsion-free. We show that direct complements of <i>M</i> are almost unique if and only if <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2025_1840_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="86" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(M\cong R/\textrm{m}^n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mo>≅</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msup> <mtext>m</mtext> <mi>n</mi> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for some positive integer <i>n</i>.</p>

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Some Variations of Perspectivity and Direct Complements Almost Unique

  • Derya Keskin Tütüncü,
  • Gabriella D’ Este,
  • Fatma Kaynarca

摘要

In this paper, we study some variations of perspectivity of modules. We investigate the relationships between variations of perspectivity of a module and almost uniqueness of direct complements of a module. We show that there exist s-perspective modules, and so almost dual perspective modules, whose direct complements are not almost unique. Also we construct almost dual perspective and D3-modules, namely s-perspective modules whose direct complements are not almost unique. Moreover, we examine the direct sums of s-perspective modules and the modules whose direct complements are almost unique by using pairwise orthogonal primitive idempotents and \(\textrm{m}\) m -local components of any module M over a commutative ring. Finally, we prove some structural results over commutative Dedekind domains. Let R be a commutative Dedekind domain with quotient field Q. Let M be a non-zero injective R-module. Then direct complements of M are almost unique if and only if either M is a torsion module such that every non-zero P-primary component is isomorphic to \(R(P^\infty )\) R ( P ) or \(M\cong Q\) M Q . As a consequence we obtain that direct complements of M are almost unique if and only if for every non-zero prime ideal P, there exist \(a\in \{0, 1\}\) a { 0 , 1 } and a non-negative integer n such that \(T_P(M)\cong (R(P^\infty ))^a\oplus (R/P^nR)\) T P ( M ) ( R ( P ) ) a ( R / P n R ) if and only if M is a D3-module, where R is a commutative Dedekind domain and M is a non-zero torsion R-module. Let R be a discrete valuation ring with maximal ideal \(\textrm{m}=pR\) m = p R . Let M be a non-zero reduced R-module which is not torsion-free. We show that direct complements of M are almost unique if and only if \(M\cong R/\textrm{m}^n\) M R / m n for some positive integer n.