<p>A subset <i>C</i> of the vertex set of a graph <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is said to be <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\alpha ,\beta )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-regular if <i>C</i> induces an <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>α</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-regular subgraph and every vertex outside <i>C</i> is adjacent to exactly <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\beta \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>β</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> vertices in <i>C</i>. In particular, if <i>C</i> is an <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\alpha ,\beta )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-regular set in some Cayley sum graph of a finite group <i>G</i> with connection set <i>S</i>, then <i>C</i> is called an <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\alpha ,\beta )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-regular set of <i>G</i>. By Sq(<i>G</i>) and NSq(<i>G</i>) we mean the set of all square elements and non-square elements of <i>G</i>. As one of the main results in this note, we show that a subgroup <i>H</i> of a finite abelian group <i>G</i> is an <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\alpha ,\beta )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-regular set of <i>G</i>, for each <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="74" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0\le \alpha \le |\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>NSq<InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="70" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((G)\cap H|\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>∩</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="105" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0\le \beta \le {\mathcal {L}}(H)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mi mathvariant="script">L</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="91" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\mathcal {L}}(H)=|H|\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">L</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, if Sq<InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="67" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((G) \subseteq H\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>⊆</mo> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="71" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\mathcal {L}}(H)=|\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">L</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>NSq<InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="70" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((G)\cap H|\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>∩</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, otherwise. As a consequence we easily get that <i>H</i> is a (0,&#xa0;1)-regular, if and only if either Sq<InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="67" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((G)\subseteq H\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>⊆</mo> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> or NSq<InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq16.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="95" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((G)\cap H\not =\emptyset \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>∩</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>≠</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∅</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The proof of this result is given by X. Ma, K. Wang, and Y. Yang in 2022, in a longer method. Also, X. Ma, M. Feng, and K. Wang in 2020, gave a sufficient and necessary condition for a subgroup <i>H</i> to be a (0,&#xa0;1)-regular subgroup of an abelian group <i>G</i>. Our new result makes that result much easier to gain. Also, we consider the dihedral group <InlineEquation ID="IEq17"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq17.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="65" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G=D_{2n} \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and for each subgroup <i>H</i> of <i>G</i>, by giving an appropriate connection set <i>S</i>, we determine each possibility for <InlineEquation ID="IEq18"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq18.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\alpha , \beta )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <i>H</i> is an <InlineEquation ID="IEq19"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="40840_2024_1817_Article_IEq19.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="43" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\alpha ,\beta )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>β</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-regular set of <i>G</i>.</p>

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Regular Sets in Cayley Sum Graphs

  • Fateme Sadat Seiedali,
  • Behrooz Khosravi,
  • Zeinab Akhlaghi

摘要

A subset C of the vertex set of a graph \(\Gamma \) Γ is said to be \((\alpha ,\beta )\) ( α , β ) -regular if C induces an \(\alpha \) α -regular subgraph and every vertex outside C is adjacent to exactly \(\beta \) β vertices in C. In particular, if C is an \((\alpha ,\beta )\) ( α , β ) -regular set in some Cayley sum graph of a finite group G with connection set S, then C is called an \((\alpha ,\beta )\) ( α , β ) -regular set of G. By Sq(G) and NSq(G) we mean the set of all square elements and non-square elements of G. As one of the main results in this note, we show that a subgroup H of a finite abelian group G is an \((\alpha ,\beta )\) ( α , β ) -regular set of G, for each \(0\le \alpha \le |\) 0 α | NSq \((G)\cap H|\) ( G ) H | and \(0\le \beta \le {\mathcal {L}}(H)\) 0 β L ( H ) , where \({\mathcal {L}}(H)=|H|\) L ( H ) = | H | , if Sq \((G) \subseteq H\) ( G ) H and \({\mathcal {L}}(H)=|\) L ( H ) = | NSq \((G)\cap H|\) ( G ) H | , otherwise. As a consequence we easily get that H is a (0, 1)-regular, if and only if either Sq \((G)\subseteq H\) ( G ) H or NSq \((G)\cap H\not =\emptyset \) ( G ) H . The proof of this result is given by X. Ma, K. Wang, and Y. Yang in 2022, in a longer method. Also, X. Ma, M. Feng, and K. Wang in 2020, gave a sufficient and necessary condition for a subgroup H to be a (0, 1)-regular subgroup of an abelian group G. Our new result makes that result much easier to gain. Also, we consider the dihedral group \(G=D_{2n} \) G = D 2 n and for each subgroup H of G, by giving an appropriate connection set S, we determine each possibility for \((\alpha , \beta )\) ( α , β ) , where H is an \((\alpha ,\beta )\) ( α , β ) -regular set of G.