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<p>This study investigates the reduction kinetics and mechanisms of copper oxide by hydrogen gas. A horizontal tube furnace was used for the reduction experiments at 500–1000&#xa0;°C and 5–30&#xa0;min reaction times. Material characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to analyze the phase evolution, microstructure changes, and the overall reduction behavior. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results show that after 5&#xa0;min of hydrogen reduction of pellets (2&#xa0;g CuO) at 500–700&#xa0;°C, both Cu<sub>2</sub>O and metallic Cu start to form, while some CuO particles remain unreduced. In contrast, at higher temperatures (800–1000&#xa0;°C), all CuO particles on the pellet surface are fully reduced to Cu<sub>2</sub>O and Cu. The degree of reduction varies with hydrogen flow rate and pelletizing pressure. It was demonstrated that a hydrogen flow rate of 300&#xa0;mL/min is sufficient to avoid a gas-phase mass transfer limitation. Kinetic analysis reveals a two-stage reduction process: a rapid interface reaction followed by a diffusion-controlled stage. The apparent activation energies are 11.2&#xa0;kJ/mol for the interface reaction stage and 8.8&#xa0;kJ/mol for the diffusion-controlled stage.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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From Oxide to Metal: A Kinetic Perspective on CuO Reduction by Hydrogen

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • D. M. Fellicia,
  • M. I. Pownceby,
  • S. Palanisamy,
  • R. Z. Mukhlis,
  • M. A. Rhamdhani

摘要

This study investigates the reduction kinetics and mechanisms of copper oxide by hydrogen gas. A horizontal tube furnace was used for the reduction experiments at 500–1000 °C and 5–30 min reaction times. Material characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to analyze the phase evolution, microstructure changes, and the overall reduction behavior. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results show that after 5 min of hydrogen reduction of pellets (2 g CuO) at 500–700 °C, both Cu2O and metallic Cu start to form, while some CuO particles remain unreduced. In contrast, at higher temperatures (800–1000 °C), all CuO particles on the pellet surface are fully reduced to Cu2O and Cu. The degree of reduction varies with hydrogen flow rate and pelletizing pressure. It was demonstrated that a hydrogen flow rate of 300 mL/min is sufficient to avoid a gas-phase mass transfer limitation. Kinetic analysis reveals a two-stage reduction process: a rapid interface reaction followed by a diffusion-controlled stage. The apparent activation energies are 11.2 kJ/mol for the interface reaction stage and 8.8 kJ/mol for the diffusion-controlled stage.

Graphical Abstract