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<p>A pyro-hydrometallurgical method was developed to extract rare earth elements (REEs) from Belitung silica sand, a low-grade and underutilized resource. Roasting at 700&#xa0;°C effectively reduced the content of major impurities such as Al by 68% and Si by 33%, thereby increasing REEs liberation prior to the leaching process. Leaching with 3&#xa0;M H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution at 60&#xa0;°C for 60&#xa0;min resulted in high recoveries of La (94%), Ce (98%), Pr (88%), Nd (85%), and Y (74%). Solvent extraction using di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) showed strong selectivity toward heavy REEs, such as Y, with extraction efficiencies of 73–97%, while light REEs displayed lower affinity. Kinetic analysis using a shrinking core model indicates that REE leaching is controlled by diffusion, with activation energies of reaction and diffusion being 8.2 and 15.58&#xa0;kJ&#xa0;mol<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Economic studies indicate that this process is feasible for industrial applications, with a net positive value (NPV) of US$ 1.47 million, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 15.69%, and a payback period of 4.42&#xa0;years. These findings demonstrate the potential of silica sand as an alternative source of REEs and the feasibility of integrating the roasting leaching extraction process for large-scale production of REEs.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Recovery of Critical Rare Earth Elements from Belitung Silica Sand: A Pyro-Hydrometallurgical Process and Economic Feasibility Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月28日

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  • Eny Kusrini,
  • Wuwuh Wijang Prihandini,
  • Bobie Suhendra,
  • Agus Budi Prasetyo,
  • Anwar Usman,
  • Ponky Ivo,
  • Suyanti,
  • Maykel Manawan,
  • Sasono Rahardjo,
  • Lee D. Wilson

摘要

A pyro-hydrometallurgical method was developed to extract rare earth elements (REEs) from Belitung silica sand, a low-grade and underutilized resource. Roasting at 700 °C effectively reduced the content of major impurities such as Al by 68% and Si by 33%, thereby increasing REEs liberation prior to the leaching process. Leaching with 3 M H2SO4 solution at 60 °C for 60 min resulted in high recoveries of La (94%), Ce (98%), Pr (88%), Nd (85%), and Y (74%). Solvent extraction using di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) showed strong selectivity toward heavy REEs, such as Y, with extraction efficiencies of 73–97%, while light REEs displayed lower affinity. Kinetic analysis using a shrinking core model indicates that REE leaching is controlled by diffusion, with activation energies of reaction and diffusion being 8.2 and 15.58 kJ mol−1, respectively. Economic studies indicate that this process is feasible for industrial applications, with a net positive value (NPV) of US$ 1.47 million, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 15.69%, and a payback period of 4.42 years. These findings demonstrate the potential of silica sand as an alternative source of REEs and the feasibility of integrating the roasting leaching extraction process for large-scale production of REEs.

Graphical abstract