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<p>Valorization of copper slag has become an essential focus in the circular economy, and its industrial exploitation represents a promising strategy to close material cycles and reduce waste generation. Thus, various reductants have been used to reduce slags; however, hydrogen stands out as the most promising owing to its ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in these reduction reactions, thereby contributing to a lower carbon footprint. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how hydrogen acts as a reductant; consequently, this work analyzes the effects of temperature, gas composition, and flux addition on hydrogen-assisted copper slag reduction to maximize iron recovery. Additionally, a kinetic study was conducted to understand the reaction mechanism and the process efficiency. The analysis of apparent reaction rates revealed that both a higher hydrogen concentration (30 versus 5%) and a higher temperature (1300&#xa0;°C versus 1250&#xa0;°C) consistently yield the most favorable kinetics for the adjusted slag composition (C3), with peak reaction rates increasing from 1.2 × 10<sup>−3</sup> to 6.60 × 10<sup>−3</sup>&#xa0;kg O<sub>2</sub>/m<sup>2</sup>s. Additionally, high basicity enhances the activity of iron oxide in the slag, rendering its reduction with hydrogen thermodynamically feasible.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Valorization of Copper Slags: Physical–Chemistry Analysis of Iron Reduction Using Green Hydrogen

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月16日

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  • Roberto Parra,
  • Camila Mora,
  • Karina García,
  • José Palacios,
  • Ramón Bandak

摘要

Valorization of copper slag has become an essential focus in the circular economy, and its industrial exploitation represents a promising strategy to close material cycles and reduce waste generation. Thus, various reductants have been used to reduce slags; however, hydrogen stands out as the most promising owing to its ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in these reduction reactions, thereby contributing to a lower carbon footprint. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how hydrogen acts as a reductant; consequently, this work analyzes the effects of temperature, gas composition, and flux addition on hydrogen-assisted copper slag reduction to maximize iron recovery. Additionally, a kinetic study was conducted to understand the reaction mechanism and the process efficiency. The analysis of apparent reaction rates revealed that both a higher hydrogen concentration (30 versus 5%) and a higher temperature (1300 °C versus 1250 °C) consistently yield the most favorable kinetics for the adjusted slag composition (C3), with peak reaction rates increasing from 1.2 × 10−3 to 6.60 × 10−3 kg O2/m2s. Additionally, high basicity enhances the activity of iron oxide in the slag, rendering its reduction with hydrogen thermodynamically feasible.

Graphical Abstract