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<p>The overarching demand for green energy has led to the increased use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), resulting in a surge of spent LIBs and critical metal waste. This study introduces a sustainable approach for metal recovery using recyclable hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (HDES) composed of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and oleic acid (1:1 molar ratio). The HDES effectively leaches lithium (Li) and manganese (Mn) from lithium manganese oxide (LMO) cathodes under mild conditions, offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventional acid-based treatment. A single-step leaching process followed by oxalic acid precipitation enabled efficient metal separation. Kinetic modeling indicated that both diffusion and surface chemical reactions govern the leaching rate, with calculated activation energies of 24.08 and 30.32&#xa0;kJ&#xa0;mol<sup>−1</sup> for Li and Mn, respectively. Lithium recovered as high-purity lithium carbonate, and manganese as manganese oxalate, verified by attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. The HDES was successfully regenerated using dilute acid, maintaining leaching efficiency across cycles. This green recycling route demonstrates a viable approach for recovering critical metals from LIB waste, aligning with environmental sustainability goals.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Facile and Sustainable Solvent Extraction Approach Using Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent for Recycling LiMn2O4 Battery Cathodes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Dushyantsingh Rajpurohit,
  • Saif Syed,
  • Himangi Bathvar,
  • Pranav S. Shrivastav

摘要

The overarching demand for green energy has led to the increased use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), resulting in a surge of spent LIBs and critical metal waste. This study introduces a sustainable approach for metal recovery using recyclable hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (HDES) composed of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and oleic acid (1:1 molar ratio). The HDES effectively leaches lithium (Li) and manganese (Mn) from lithium manganese oxide (LMO) cathodes under mild conditions, offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventional acid-based treatment. A single-step leaching process followed by oxalic acid precipitation enabled efficient metal separation. Kinetic modeling indicated that both diffusion and surface chemical reactions govern the leaching rate, with calculated activation energies of 24.08 and 30.32 kJ mol−1 for Li and Mn, respectively. Lithium recovered as high-purity lithium carbonate, and manganese as manganese oxalate, verified by attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis. The HDES was successfully regenerated using dilute acid, maintaining leaching efficiency across cycles. This green recycling route demonstrates a viable approach for recovering critical metals from LIB waste, aligning with environmental sustainability goals.

Graphical Abstract