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<p>Manganese alloying via. direct reduction of MnO in ladle refining slag is a promising alternative to energy and cost intensive conventional ferroalloy production methods. This study explores the aluminothermic reduction of MnO in CaO–SiO<sub>2</sub>–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–MgO slag under varying CaO/SiO<sub>2</sub> ratios, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content, and stoichiometric addition of aluminum for 4 and 8 mass% Mn concentrations in molten iron. The results showed that the slag containing 30 mass% Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> suppressed Mn volatilization, whereas Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-free slags exhibited a faster MnO reduction but a larger vaporization loss. On the other hand, the slag with CaO/SiO<sub>2</sub> ratio of 2 without second-phase precipitation, facilitating enhanced slag–metal separation and reduced metal droplet suspension, showed significant improvement in Mn recovery of 68%. Furthermore, excessive Al addition leads to higher Mn loss. An empirical equation for Mn loss was developed to correlate Mn loss with factors such as slag basicity, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content, Mn distribution ratio between slag and metal, and the amount of aluminum added.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Sustainable Direct Mn Alloying Practice to Produce Medium Mn Steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月23日

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  • Kakara Sripushpa,
  • Elizaveta Cheremisina,
  • Ryo Inoue,
  • Takayuki Iwama,
  • Shigeru Ueda,
  • Ashok Kamaraj

摘要

Manganese alloying via. direct reduction of MnO in ladle refining slag is a promising alternative to energy and cost intensive conventional ferroalloy production methods. This study explores the aluminothermic reduction of MnO in CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO slag under varying CaO/SiO2 ratios, Al2O3 content, and stoichiometric addition of aluminum for 4 and 8 mass% Mn concentrations in molten iron. The results showed that the slag containing 30 mass% Al2O3 suppressed Mn volatilization, whereas Al2O3-free slags exhibited a faster MnO reduction but a larger vaporization loss. On the other hand, the slag with CaO/SiO2 ratio of 2 without second-phase precipitation, facilitating enhanced slag–metal separation and reduced metal droplet suspension, showed significant improvement in Mn recovery of 68%. Furthermore, excessive Al addition leads to higher Mn loss. An empirical equation for Mn loss was developed to correlate Mn loss with factors such as slag basicity, Al2O3 content, Mn distribution ratio between slag and metal, and the amount of aluminum added.

Graphical Abstract