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<p>To address the problems of low strength and high pulverization in reduced agglomerates during the co-processing of metallurgical solid wastes, this study investigates how CaO regulates slag–metal interactions under both biomass- and graphite-based reduction conditions. Thermodynamic calculations combined with high-temperature experiments were performed to elucidate the influence of CaO content on liquid-phase behavior in the SiO<sub>2</sub>–Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–MgO–CaO system and the microstructural evolution of reduced agglomerates. With increasing CaO, the liquid-phase region in the phase diagram first expands and then contracts, reaching a maximum near 30 wt%. Although excessive CaO elevates the liquidus temperature, variations in liquid fraction and mobility markedly affect pellet consolidation. Experimentally, visible collapse occurs at 32 wt% CaO, while severe pulverization appears near 34 wt%. At the optimal 30 wt% CaO, abundant and fluid liquid slag promotes metallic interconnection and structural densification. Comparative study between biomass and graphite reductant for the co-processing confirms that CaO-dependent interfacial behavior governs the consolidation process universally, while the high reactivity and porous nature of biomass char further enhance slag fluidity and metallic bonding, yielding stronger and more compact agglomerates.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Slag Phase Evolution and Consolidation Mechanism During Co-Processing of Multiple Metallurgical Solid Wastes by Biomass

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Jiajing Zhang,
  • Zhuo Chen,
  • Guangqiang Pu,
  • Weitong Du,
  • Jiayong Qiu,
  • Han Wei,
  • Dianchun Ju,
  • Rui Mao

摘要

To address the problems of low strength and high pulverization in reduced agglomerates during the co-processing of metallurgical solid wastes, this study investigates how CaO regulates slag–metal interactions under both biomass- and graphite-based reduction conditions. Thermodynamic calculations combined with high-temperature experiments were performed to elucidate the influence of CaO content on liquid-phase behavior in the SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–CaO system and the microstructural evolution of reduced agglomerates. With increasing CaO, the liquid-phase region in the phase diagram first expands and then contracts, reaching a maximum near 30 wt%. Although excessive CaO elevates the liquidus temperature, variations in liquid fraction and mobility markedly affect pellet consolidation. Experimentally, visible collapse occurs at 32 wt% CaO, while severe pulverization appears near 34 wt%. At the optimal 30 wt% CaO, abundant and fluid liquid slag promotes metallic interconnection and structural densification. Comparative study between biomass and graphite reductant for the co-processing confirms that CaO-dependent interfacial behavior governs the consolidation process universally, while the high reactivity and porous nature of biomass char further enhance slag fluidity and metallic bonding, yielding stronger and more compact agglomerates.

Graphical Abstract