<p>To address the issues of gas film blocking at the anode bottom, poor electrolyte circulation, and instability during the electrolysis process in the bottom cathode rare earth electrolytic cell, this study introduces structural modifications to the anode. Furthermore, the effects of different anode structure configurations on the molten electrolyte flow behavior, gas volume fraction distribution, and the concentration distribution of Nd₂O₃ (neodymia) particle dissolution-diffusion process are systematically investigated. Based on the ANSYS Fluent 2023R2 software platform, a coupled numerical model integrating gas–liquid–solid multiphase flow and mass transfer was established through simulation and comparative analysis of three distinct anode configurations: conventional anode, single slotted anode, and double slotted anode. The results clearly demonstrate that slotted anode designs significantly enhance electrolyte circulation and facilitate efficient gas release at the anode bottom. Notably, the double slotted anode exhibits superior performance in promoting the transport and dissolution diffusion of neodymia particles. Moreover, model validation confirmed good agreement between the simulation results and experimental data, demonstrating the reliability of the established model in predicting neodymia concentration distributions in industrial-scale rare earth electrolytic cells. This research not only deepens the understanding of multiphysics coupling mechanisms during rare earth electrolysis but also provides a substantial scientific foundation for structural optimization and process parameter regulation in industrial electrolytic cell design.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>