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<p>The increase in ferrochrome production (Fe–Cr) is related to the surge in demand for stainless steel, driven by its all-around applications in engineering and medical fields. Power consumption significantly contributes to the cost of production in the ferrochrome industry. The high-power requirements are also related to increased CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, as the energy requirements are mostly met through non-renewable sources. This study investigates the potential of ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) as a reducing agent for Fe–Cr production in submerged arc furnaces (SAF), focusing on its impact on energy consumption and the pre-reduction efficiencies of different chromite ore grades. Experiment analysis of three grades of chromite ore pre-reduced with NH<sub>3</sub> resulted in Fe metallization based on their varying Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> content. The experimental work was supported by XRD, wet chemical, BET, and SEM analyses to ascertain the reduction mechanism. The energy calculations for producing NH<sub>3</sub> via waste liquor from coke oven plants and the Haber–Bosch process are assessed, and it is revealed that utilizing NH<sub>3</sub> as a reductant from the coke oven waste decreases power consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 255.78 kWh and 209.73&#xa0;kg per tonne of Fe–Cr, respectively.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Decrease in Specific Power and CO2 Emissions in Fe–Cr Production Using Pre-reduction of Various Chromite Ores with Ammonia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月25日

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  • Kasireddi Pavan Kalyan,
  • Rishiraj Kundu,
  • Prasenjit Singha,
  • Swagat Das,
  • Manas Paliwal

摘要

The increase in ferrochrome production (Fe–Cr) is related to the surge in demand for stainless steel, driven by its all-around applications in engineering and medical fields. Power consumption significantly contributes to the cost of production in the ferrochrome industry. The high-power requirements are also related to increased CO2 emissions, as the energy requirements are mostly met through non-renewable sources. This study investigates the potential of ammonia (NH3) as a reducing agent for Fe–Cr production in submerged arc furnaces (SAF), focusing on its impact on energy consumption and the pre-reduction efficiencies of different chromite ore grades. Experiment analysis of three grades of chromite ore pre-reduced with NH3 resulted in Fe metallization based on their varying Fe2O3 content. The experimental work was supported by XRD, wet chemical, BET, and SEM analyses to ascertain the reduction mechanism. The energy calculations for producing NH3 via waste liquor from coke oven plants and the Haber–Bosch process are assessed, and it is revealed that utilizing NH3 as a reductant from the coke oven waste decreases power consumption and CO2 emissions by 255.78 kWh and 209.73 kg per tonne of Fe–Cr, respectively.

Graphical Abstract