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<p>The steel industry, one of the most challenging sectors to decarbonize, is responsible for approximately 5% of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in the European Union and 7% globally. Achieving the goal of climate neutrality by 2050 requires reducing the industry’s reliance on carbon-based fossil resources, primarily natural gas and coal. This comprehensive review discusses the use of non-biogenic materials in the steel industry. Various types of waste play a significant role in a circular economy scenario. The circular economy approach is essential for achieving carbon–neutral steel production. The utilization of non-biogenic secondary carbon carriers, such as polymers from waste plastics and rubber from tires, serves as auxiliary reducing agents and slag foaming materials, supporting the smart carbon usage in a process integration framework. In cokemaking, replacing coal with non-biogenic materials has been identified as a cost-effective and sustainable solution. This approach aims to enhance the energy and resource efficiency of recycling processes for both post-consumer (end-of-life products) and post-industrial (materials produced during manufacturing) plastic-containing materials. Finally, the review examines methane cracking, which produces hydrogen and solid carbon. Methane cracking is a promising alternative to water electrolysis due to its lower energy demand, although it is not yet fully mature for industrial application.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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A Comprehensive Review of Secondary Carbon Carriers for Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes: Industrial Utilization of Non-biogenic Materials in Steel Production

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月16日

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  • Filippo Cirilli,
  • Michele De Santis,
  • Loredana Di Sante,
  • Daphne Mirabile,
  • Lina Kieush,
  • Johannes Rieger,
  • Jean Borlée,
  • Carlo Brondi,
  • Davide Rovelli,
  • Thomas Echterhof,
  • Christoph Thaler,
  • Nils Jaeger,
  • Klaus Peters,
  • Delphine Snaet,
  • Valentina Colla,
  • Ismael Matino,
  • Mattia Bissoli,
  • Enrico Malfa,
  • Steffen Möhring,
  • Gerald Stubbe,
  • Rosella Attrotto,
  • Angelo Sorino,
  • Giovan Battista Landra,
  • Marco Bianchi,
  • Loris Bianco,
  • Matteo Chini,
  • Daniele Gaspardo

摘要

The steel industry, one of the most challenging sectors to decarbonize, is responsible for approximately 5% of CO2 emissions in the European Union and 7% globally. Achieving the goal of climate neutrality by 2050 requires reducing the industry’s reliance on carbon-based fossil resources, primarily natural gas and coal. This comprehensive review discusses the use of non-biogenic materials in the steel industry. Various types of waste play a significant role in a circular economy scenario. The circular economy approach is essential for achieving carbon–neutral steel production. The utilization of non-biogenic secondary carbon carriers, such as polymers from waste plastics and rubber from tires, serves as auxiliary reducing agents and slag foaming materials, supporting the smart carbon usage in a process integration framework. In cokemaking, replacing coal with non-biogenic materials has been identified as a cost-effective and sustainable solution. This approach aims to enhance the energy and resource efficiency of recycling processes for both post-consumer (end-of-life products) and post-industrial (materials produced during manufacturing) plastic-containing materials. Finally, the review examines methane cracking, which produces hydrogen and solid carbon. Methane cracking is a promising alternative to water electrolysis due to its lower energy demand, although it is not yet fully mature for industrial application.

Graphical Abstract