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<p>Polylactic acid (PLA)/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> composite filaments for magnetically responsive fused deposition modeling were fabricated via solvent-assisted blending and twin-screw extrusion and evaluated in terms of their thermal, mechanical, structural, and magnetic shape recovery behavior. Although PLA/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> systems have been widely investigated for 4D printing applications, magnetic shape recovery at Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> contents below 10 wt% has received limited attention. Therefore, PLA/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> filaments containing 5, 7.5, and 10 wt%Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> were systematically investigated under an 88&#xa0;kHz alternating magnetic field to determine the minimum nanoparticle concentration capable of producing effective magnetic shape recovery.</p><p>Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> incorporation did not significantly affect the glass transition temperature (59.5–61.7&#xa0;°C), while crystallinity increased from 3.36% for pure PLA to 9.76% for the 10 wt%Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/PLA composite. Tensile strength decreased from 49.47 ± 0.94&#xa0;MPa for pure PLA to 19.42 ± 2.73&#xa0;MPa for the 10 wt%Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/PLA composite, whereas elongation at break decreased from 12.12 ± 0.36% to 2.85 ± 0.25%. Magnetic shape recovery experiments showed that actuation could be achieved even at sub-10 wt%Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> loadings. Among the investigated formulations, the 10 wt%Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> exhibited the highest recovery ratio, reaching 98.6% within 67&#xa0;s under magnetic induction heating. In addition, a reproducible fabrication route for low-Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> PLA composite filaments was established, providing a basis for future studies and scale-up manufacturing efforts.</p>

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Filament-Level Thermal, Structural, Mechanical, and Shape-Memory Characterization of PLA/Fe3O4 Composite Feedstocks for Magnetically Responsive FDM

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • Begüm Rahman,
  • Cemile Bardak,
  • Ahu Celebi,
  • Alireza Behvar,
  • Mohammad Elahinia

摘要

Polylactic acid (PLA)/Fe3O4 composite filaments for magnetically responsive fused deposition modeling were fabricated via solvent-assisted blending and twin-screw extrusion and evaluated in terms of their thermal, mechanical, structural, and magnetic shape recovery behavior. Although PLA/Fe3O4 systems have been widely investigated for 4D printing applications, magnetic shape recovery at Fe3O4 contents below 10 wt% has received limited attention. Therefore, PLA/Fe3O4 filaments containing 5, 7.5, and 10 wt%Fe3O4 were systematically investigated under an 88 kHz alternating magnetic field to determine the minimum nanoparticle concentration capable of producing effective magnetic shape recovery.

Fe3O4 incorporation did not significantly affect the glass transition temperature (59.5–61.7 °C), while crystallinity increased from 3.36% for pure PLA to 9.76% for the 10 wt%Fe3O4/PLA composite. Tensile strength decreased from 49.47 ± 0.94 MPa for pure PLA to 19.42 ± 2.73 MPa for the 10 wt%Fe3O4/PLA composite, whereas elongation at break decreased from 12.12 ± 0.36% to 2.85 ± 0.25%. Magnetic shape recovery experiments showed that actuation could be achieved even at sub-10 wt%Fe3O4 loadings. Among the investigated formulations, the 10 wt%Fe3O4 exhibited the highest recovery ratio, reaching 98.6% within 67 s under magnetic induction heating. In addition, a reproducible fabrication route for low-Fe3O4 PLA composite filaments was established, providing a basis for future studies and scale-up manufacturing efforts.