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<p>The biggest obstacle is the need to comply with rigorous pollution regulations while achieving the needed performance level in diesel engines. Integrated usage of biofuels with oxygenated additives approach can reduce climate change and boost energy self-sufficiency by reducing fossil fuel imports. This work aims to optimize the output parameters in variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine by employing response surface methodology (RSM) software to the input factors containing n-heptane (0–20%), azolla pinnata methyl-ester (APME; 0–20%), titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs; 0–80 ppm) and compression ratios (CRs; 16–20). The research was carried out using the statistical approach known as Design of Experiments, developed through a central composite design (CCD) structure of RSM. The optimized parameters are attained using CRs of 18.34, a dosage of TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs of 50.62 ppm, an APME percentage of 11.17% v/v, and an n-heptane percentage of 9.67% v/v. The engine’s optimized response is as follows: cylinder pressure (CP) of 79.01&#xa0;bar, rate of pressure rise (RPR) of 5.87&#xa0;bar/°CA, heat release rate (HRR) of 47.26&#xa0;J/℃A, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 32.45%, brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) of 10.97&#xa0;MJ/kW-hr, carbon monoxide (CO) emission of 0.027% vol., unburnt hydrocarbons (UBHC) of 47.38 ppm, nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>X</sub>) of 913.25 ppm, and smoke opacity of 56.55%. The optimized response was verified by carrying out engine testing, exhibiting errors residing under the allowed range of below 5%. The results indicate that formulated fuel combinations provide a potential substitute for diesel engines.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Optimization of VCR Diesel Engine Performance, Emission and Combustion Parameters Using Response Surface Methodology employing Azolla Biodiesel With Additives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Nikunj Upadhyay,
  • Randip Kumar Das,
  • Subrata Kumar Ghosh

摘要

The biggest obstacle is the need to comply with rigorous pollution regulations while achieving the needed performance level in diesel engines. Integrated usage of biofuels with oxygenated additives approach can reduce climate change and boost energy self-sufficiency by reducing fossil fuel imports. This work aims to optimize the output parameters in variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine by employing response surface methodology (RSM) software to the input factors containing n-heptane (0–20%), azolla pinnata methyl-ester (APME; 0–20%), titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs; 0–80 ppm) and compression ratios (CRs; 16–20). The research was carried out using the statistical approach known as Design of Experiments, developed through a central composite design (CCD) structure of RSM. The optimized parameters are attained using CRs of 18.34, a dosage of TiO2 NPs of 50.62 ppm, an APME percentage of 11.17% v/v, and an n-heptane percentage of 9.67% v/v. The engine’s optimized response is as follows: cylinder pressure (CP) of 79.01 bar, rate of pressure rise (RPR) of 5.87 bar/°CA, heat release rate (HRR) of 47.26 J/℃A, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 32.45%, brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) of 10.97 MJ/kW-hr, carbon monoxide (CO) emission of 0.027% vol., unburnt hydrocarbons (UBHC) of 47.38 ppm, nitrogen oxides (NOX) of 913.25 ppm, and smoke opacity of 56.55%. The optimized response was verified by carrying out engine testing, exhibiting errors residing under the allowed range of below 5%. The results indicate that formulated fuel combinations provide a potential substitute for diesel engines.

Graphical Abstract