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<p>The development of intelligent electromagnetic skins demands scalable films integrating gigahertz (GHz)-terahertz (THz) wave absorption, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and programmable actuation. Here, we report a bioinspired bamboo-like layered-gradient system fabricated via scalable vacuum filtration, in which two types of films are constructed with distinct functionalities: a low-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) content film for microwave absorption and a high PEDOT content film for conductive network-enabled EMI shielding.The films precisely assemble Al-Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanosheets, aramid nanofibers, and PEDOT into an asymmetric architecture. A monotonic through-thickness gradient in composition creates a tailored impedance profile and strong anisotropy while minimizing conductive filler content. This design achieves effective microwave absorption at low PEDOT loading (minimum reflection loss: − 56.6&#xa0;dB at 2.2&#xa0;mm in the X-band). With increased PEDOT content, a percolative network is constructed, enabling Joule heating (233&#xa0;°C at 20&#xa0;V) and efficient EMI shielding (42.0&#xa0;dB in the GHz band and 57.8&#xa0;dB in the THz band). Beyond electromagnetic performance, the gradient architecture enables programmable, ethanol-triggered anisotropic actuation via differential swelling. The films also exhibit excellent thermal stability, mechanical robustness, and flexibility, ensuring reliability in harsh environments. Collectively, this gradient architecture provides a scalable platform for intelligent electromagnetic skins integrate magnetic-dielectric coupling, conductive network tuning, and stimuli-responsive actuation.</p>

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Bioinspired Layered-Gradient Nanocomposites for Intelligent Electromagnetic Skins with GHz-THz Wave Absorption, Shielding, and Solvent-Driven Actuation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • Xianyuan Liu,
  • Yang Zhao,
  • Yali Zhang,
  • Xuechun Cui,
  • Ying Xue,
  • Xianyong Lu,
  • Junwei Gu

摘要

The development of intelligent electromagnetic skins demands scalable films integrating gigahertz (GHz)-terahertz (THz) wave absorption, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and programmable actuation. Here, we report a bioinspired bamboo-like layered-gradient system fabricated via scalable vacuum filtration, in which two types of films are constructed with distinct functionalities: a low-poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) content film for microwave absorption and a high PEDOT content film for conductive network-enabled EMI shielding.The films precisely assemble Al-Fe3O4 nanosheets, aramid nanofibers, and PEDOT into an asymmetric architecture. A monotonic through-thickness gradient in composition creates a tailored impedance profile and strong anisotropy while minimizing conductive filler content. This design achieves effective microwave absorption at low PEDOT loading (minimum reflection loss: − 56.6 dB at 2.2 mm in the X-band). With increased PEDOT content, a percolative network is constructed, enabling Joule heating (233 °C at 20 V) and efficient EMI shielding (42.0 dB in the GHz band and 57.8 dB in the THz band). Beyond electromagnetic performance, the gradient architecture enables programmable, ethanol-triggered anisotropic actuation via differential swelling. The films also exhibit excellent thermal stability, mechanical robustness, and flexibility, ensuring reliability in harsh environments. Collectively, this gradient architecture provides a scalable platform for intelligent electromagnetic skins integrate magnetic-dielectric coupling, conductive network tuning, and stimuli-responsive actuation.