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<p>Carbon-based hole transport layer-free (HTL-free) printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (p-MPSCs) are highly attractive for their low-cost and scalable fabrication. However, the intrinsically n-type nature of the perovskite, combined with the lack of an HTL, severely impedes hole extraction and limits device performance. In this work, we innovatively introduce a polymer with strong electron-withdrawing capability as an additive into p-MPSCs. Owing to its large molecular size, this polymer spontaneously forms a negative gradient distribution from top to bottom within the mesoporous scaffold during fabrication. This distribution creates a favorable gradient p-doping profile within p-MPSCs, which facilitates more efficient hole transport, a finding corroborated by combined device simulation and cross-sectional photoluminescence mapping. Consequently, the optimized p-MPSCs exhibit an average open-circuit voltage enhancement of over 50&#xa0;mV, a steady-state power conversion efficiency of 21.56% and operational stability exceeding 1500&#xa0;h at 55&#xa0;°C under simulated 1-sun illumination using a halogen lamp without a UV filter.</p>

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Novel Gradient p-Doping Strategy Enables Efficient Carbon-Based Hole Transport Layer-Free Perovskite Solar Cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月23日

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  • Junwei Xiang,
  • Siqi Jiang,
  • Yanjie Cheng,
  • Weiting Du,
  • Yuan Shi,
  • Song Shen,
  • Bolun Zhang,
  • Qian Yue,
  • Xinyi Xu,
  • Anyi Mei,
  • Yang Zhou,
  • Yinhua Zhou,
  • Hongwei Han

摘要

Carbon-based hole transport layer-free (HTL-free) printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells (p-MPSCs) are highly attractive for their low-cost and scalable fabrication. However, the intrinsically n-type nature of the perovskite, combined with the lack of an HTL, severely impedes hole extraction and limits device performance. In this work, we innovatively introduce a polymer with strong electron-withdrawing capability as an additive into p-MPSCs. Owing to its large molecular size, this polymer spontaneously forms a negative gradient distribution from top to bottom within the mesoporous scaffold during fabrication. This distribution creates a favorable gradient p-doping profile within p-MPSCs, which facilitates more efficient hole transport, a finding corroborated by combined device simulation and cross-sectional photoluminescence mapping. Consequently, the optimized p-MPSCs exhibit an average open-circuit voltage enhancement of over 50 mV, a steady-state power conversion efficiency of 21.56% and operational stability exceeding 1500 h at 55 °C under simulated 1-sun illumination using a halogen lamp without a UV filter.