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<p>The performance of hematite (α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) photoanodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has been limited to around 2–5&#xa0;mA&#xa0;cm<sup>−2</sup> under standard conditions due to their short hole diffusion length and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction kinetics. This work overcomes those challenges through a synergistic strategy that co-designs the hematite architecture and the surface reaction pathway. We introduce a textured and hierarchically porous Ti-doped Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (tp-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) photoanode, synthesized via multi-cycle growth and flame annealing method. This unique architecture features a high texture (110), enlarged surface area, and hierarchically porous structure, which enable significantly enhanced bulk charge transport and interfacial charge transfer compared to typical nanorod Ti-doped Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (nr-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>). As a result, the tp-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> photoanode achieves a photocurrent density of 3.1&#xa0;mA&#xa0;cm<sup>−2</sup> at 1.23&#xa0;V vs. RHE with exceptional stability over 105&#xa0;h, notably without any co-catalyst. By replacing the OER with the hydrazine oxidation reaction, the photocurrent further reaches a record-high level of 7.1&#xa0;mA&#xa0;cm<sup>−2</sup> at 1.23 V<sub>RHE</sub>. Finally, when we integrate the tp-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> with a commercial Si solar cell, it achieves a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 8.7%—the highest reported value for any Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-based PV-tandem system. This work provides critical insights into rational Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> photoanode design and highlights the potential of hydrazine as an efficient alternative anodic reaction, enabling waste valorization.</p><p></p>

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Textured and Hierarchically Porous Hematite Photoanode for Efficient Hydrogen Production via Photoelectrochemical Hydrazine Oxidation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Runfa Tan,
  • Yoo Jae Jeong,
  • Hyun Soo Han,
  • Samadhan Kapse,
  • Seong Sik Shin,
  • Xiaolin Zheng,
  • In Sun Cho

摘要

The performance of hematite (α-Fe2O3) photoanodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has been limited to around 2–5 mA cm−2 under standard conditions due to their short hole diffusion length and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction kinetics. This work overcomes those challenges through a synergistic strategy that co-designs the hematite architecture and the surface reaction pathway. We introduce a textured and hierarchically porous Ti-doped Fe2O3 (tp-Fe2O3) photoanode, synthesized via multi-cycle growth and flame annealing method. This unique architecture features a high texture (110), enlarged surface area, and hierarchically porous structure, which enable significantly enhanced bulk charge transport and interfacial charge transfer compared to typical nanorod Ti-doped Fe2O3 (nr-Fe2O3). As a result, the tp-Fe2O3 photoanode achieves a photocurrent density of 3.1 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE with exceptional stability over 105 h, notably without any co-catalyst. By replacing the OER with the hydrazine oxidation reaction, the photocurrent further reaches a record-high level of 7.1 mA cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE. Finally, when we integrate the tp-Fe2O3 with a commercial Si solar cell, it achieves a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 8.7%—the highest reported value for any Fe2O3-based PV-tandem system. This work provides critical insights into rational Fe2O3 photoanode design and highlights the potential of hydrazine as an efficient alternative anodic reaction, enabling waste valorization.