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<p>In this paper, we discuss a hydrothermal model that characterizes the flow of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) nanofluid between squeezing plates while accounting for joule heating, viscous dissipation, and homogeneous–heterogeneous chemical reactions. Copper and CNTs (single-wall [SWCNTs] or multi-wall [MWCNTs]) have been utilized as nanoparticles in carrier hybrid nanofluid Ethylene glycol with water Copper + C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>2</sub>–H<sub>2</sub>O. The results are verified and validated through the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) implemented in Mathematica and the BVP4c solver in MATLAB. We find that, for particular, precisely defined occurrences, the current results agree with the prior literature the best. Both quantitative and physical demonstrations of the HAM method’s residual errors have been provided. There has been discussion and intention on the other embedding parameters, such as the Reynolds squeeze parameter <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S_r\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, Prandtl number <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(P^*_r\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, volume fraction <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\phi \)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, Schmidt number <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S^*_c\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and magnetic parameter <i>M</i>. The improvement of energy usage in the engineering and industrial fields is the purpose of this research. Furthermore, from the results it has been noted that the based on the data the MWCNTs have a stronger effect on velocity, temperature distribution profile, homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions, which is shown by graphs and tables. Numerical results of this study have significant implications for energy efficiency in industrial applications. The results demonstrate that MWCNTs can be used to enhance heat transfer and fluid flow in various engineering systems.</p>

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Unsteady Flow of Carbon Nanotube-Based Hybrid Nanofluid with Joule Heating, Viscous Dissipation, and Homogeneous–Heterogeneous Reactions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • Naseer Khan,
  • Muhammad Farooq,
  • Wajid Ullah Jan,
  • Rashid Jan,
  • Praveen Agarwal,
  • Imtiaz Ahmad

摘要

In this paper, we discuss a hydrothermal model that characterizes the flow of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) nanofluid between squeezing plates while accounting for joule heating, viscous dissipation, and homogeneous–heterogeneous chemical reactions. Copper and CNTs (single-wall [SWCNTs] or multi-wall [MWCNTs]) have been utilized as nanoparticles in carrier hybrid nanofluid Ethylene glycol with water Copper + C2H6O2–H2O. The results are verified and validated through the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) implemented in Mathematica and the BVP4c solver in MATLAB. We find that, for particular, precisely defined occurrences, the current results agree with the prior literature the best. Both quantitative and physical demonstrations of the HAM method’s residual errors have been provided. There has been discussion and intention on the other embedding parameters, such as the Reynolds squeeze parameter \(S_r\) , Prandtl number \(P^*_r\) , volume fraction \(\phi \) , Schmidt number \(S^*_c\) , and magnetic parameter M. The improvement of energy usage in the engineering and industrial fields is the purpose of this research. Furthermore, from the results it has been noted that the based on the data the MWCNTs have a stronger effect on velocity, temperature distribution profile, homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions, which is shown by graphs and tables. Numerical results of this study have significant implications for energy efficiency in industrial applications. The results demonstrate that MWCNTs can be used to enhance heat transfer and fluid flow in various engineering systems.