Mass Diffusion and Thermal Analysis of Second-Grade Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Over a Magnetized Vertical Surface

This theoretical investigation intends to capture the mass diffusion and thermal performance of Titanium Oxide-Copper Oxide-Engine Oil (TiO₂-CuO-EO) second-grade hybrid nanofluid flow over a magnetized vertical surface (MVS) in the appearance of substantially strong magnetic and gravity fields. The present analysis encompasses the revolution of the fluid system about a fixed axis and the spiraling of the liquid particles about the magnetic field (Hall phenomenon). The motional generated magnetic field is also an important part of the study because it can’t be neglected in applications like chemical and biomedical industries due to its involvement in energy exchange. The physical phenomena involved are expressed mathematically as ODEs and undergo non-dimensionalization with appropriate boundary settings. The dimensionless governing equations enable the examination of the significance of desirable flow parameters. The solutions of the governing equations are obtained in closed form with the help of an analytical approach called the regular perturbation method (RPM). Some physical quantities, namely, shear stress, current density, heat, and mass transport rates are also mathematically derived. The results are illustrated in graphical and tabular form with the support of MATHEMATICA software. This research explores that the free-stream velocity for the TiO2-EO nanofluid is achieved quicker than that of the hybrid nanofluid and CuO-EO nanofluid. This behavior may be due to the high electrical conductivity of the TiO₂ compared to the CuO which applies more resistivity in the flow. The enhancement in velocity can be seen for the magnetic diffusion because the greater magnetic diffusion produces a low resistive force. The results of this investigation may help in understanding the thermal and chemical processes in the biomedical and chemical industries.