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<p>As one of the world’s largest producers and traders of agricultural products, China faces a critical issue of upgrading the quality of its agricultural exports. The agricultural sector is also an inevitable focal point in its free trade negotiations. This paper uses agricultural trade data between China and 26 free trade agreement (FTA) partner countries from 1996 to 2022 to examine the impact of the depth of FTAs, the depth of “WTO+” provisions, and the depth of “WTO-X” provisions on the quality of China’s exported agricultural products. The study finds that the deepening of FTAs significantly promotes the quality upgrade of China’s agricultural exports, with the effect of “WTO-X provisions” being more pronounced than that of “WTO+ provisions.” The impact of FTA depth on the quality of China’s agricultural exports varies based on geographic locations, countries’ income levels, and product heterogeneity. Based on empirical findings, this paper proposes policy recommendations such as actively constructing bilateral and multilateral FTAs, emphasizing the depth of agricultural provisions in FTAs, enhancing the legal enforceability of FTA provisions.</p>

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The impact of the depth of free trade agreements on the quality of China’s exported agricultural products

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • Jun Zhang,
  • Valeska V. Geldres-Weiss,
  • Yiwei Zhao

摘要

As one of the world’s largest producers and traders of agricultural products, China faces a critical issue of upgrading the quality of its agricultural exports. The agricultural sector is also an inevitable focal point in its free trade negotiations. This paper uses agricultural trade data between China and 26 free trade agreement (FTA) partner countries from 1996 to 2022 to examine the impact of the depth of FTAs, the depth of “WTO+” provisions, and the depth of “WTO-X” provisions on the quality of China’s exported agricultural products. The study finds that the deepening of FTAs significantly promotes the quality upgrade of China’s agricultural exports, with the effect of “WTO-X provisions” being more pronounced than that of “WTO+ provisions.” The impact of FTA depth on the quality of China’s agricultural exports varies based on geographic locations, countries’ income levels, and product heterogeneity. Based on empirical findings, this paper proposes policy recommendations such as actively constructing bilateral and multilateral FTAs, emphasizing the depth of agricultural provisions in FTAs, enhancing the legal enforceability of FTA provisions.