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<p>This study explores the synthesis of orange peel extract-functionalized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (OPe-TiO₂) as a green, bio-sourced adsorbent for the selective removal of cypermethrin (CYP) from aqueous solutions. The physicochemical properties of OPe-TiO₂ were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and zeta potential analysis, revealing a smooth spherical morphology with a crystalline size of 16.69&#xa0;nm and a surface charge of – 27 mV. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize adsorption parameters—pH, initial CYP concentration, contact time, and nanoparticle dosage. Under optimal conditions (pH 12, 120&#xa0;min contact time, 0.05&#xa0;g adsorbent dose), a maximum CYP removal efficiency of 70% was achieved, with experimental results ranging from 35 to 70%. Adsorption behavior was further analyzed through isotherm and kinetic modeling. The Langmuir isotherm provided the best fit (R² = 0.98), indicating homogeneous monolayer adsorption with a maximum capacity (q<sub>max</sub>) of 111.1&#xa0;mg/g. Kinetic studies revealed that the process followed both pseudo-first-order (PFO) kinetics and intraparticle diffusion (IPD) models. Regeneration studies demonstrated OPe-TiO₂’s reusability, retaining 46.2% of its initial adsorption efficiency after five cycles. These findings highlight OPe-TiO₂ as a sustainable and effective adsorbent for CYP removal from contaminated water systems.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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RSM-BBD modeling for optimization of cypermethrin removal from simulated water using orange peel extract-based titanium dioxide nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月3日

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  • Vibhuti Sharma,
  • Ashish Solanki,
  • Praveen Sharma,
  • Dushyant Kumar

摘要

This study explores the synthesis of orange peel extract-functionalized titanium dioxide nanoparticles (OPe-TiO₂) as a green, bio-sourced adsorbent for the selective removal of cypermethrin (CYP) from aqueous solutions. The physicochemical properties of OPe-TiO₂ were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and zeta potential analysis, revealing a smooth spherical morphology with a crystalline size of 16.69 nm and a surface charge of – 27 mV. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize adsorption parameters—pH, initial CYP concentration, contact time, and nanoparticle dosage. Under optimal conditions (pH 12, 120 min contact time, 0.05 g adsorbent dose), a maximum CYP removal efficiency of 70% was achieved, with experimental results ranging from 35 to 70%. Adsorption behavior was further analyzed through isotherm and kinetic modeling. The Langmuir isotherm provided the best fit (R² = 0.98), indicating homogeneous monolayer adsorption with a maximum capacity (qmax) of 111.1 mg/g. Kinetic studies revealed that the process followed both pseudo-first-order (PFO) kinetics and intraparticle diffusion (IPD) models. Regeneration studies demonstrated OPe-TiO₂’s reusability, retaining 46.2% of its initial adsorption efficiency after five cycles. These findings highlight OPe-TiO₂ as a sustainable and effective adsorbent for CYP removal from contaminated water systems.

Graphical abstract