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<p>Water color is an easily available visual descriptor of water quality. Lakes and rivers of India are under tremendous anthropogenic and climatic stress, which can alter the ecosystem functioning of freshwater resources. Using long-term satellite observations (Landsat 5, 7, and 8 across 1984–2020), reflectance-based color and trophic state of lakes (number of lakes = 4722, greater than 10&#xa0;ha area) have been analysed. We find that Indian lakes are dominantly greenish-yellow. Over the last three decades, almost 37% of lakes (1.8&#xa0;million hectares) show significantly negative trends in color. Color-based assessment of trophic state suggested that the majority of analysed lakes (95%) are eutrophic. We also perform statistical analysis of trends in color and its correlation with meteorological, anthropogenic, and natural variables to assess the importance of these variables in driving changes in color. We find that there are varied drivers of color across different ecozones of India. We find that changes in cropland area are the dominant driver of color, followed by forest cover changes and meteorological drivers. We present the first national-scale study on the color of lakes in India, which can be useful to monitor and scrutinize the health of water bodies through remotely sensed observations.</p>

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Dynamics and drivers of changing color of lakes of India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月10日

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  • Ashwin Gujrati,
  • Vibhuti Bhushan Jha,
  • Rama Rao Nidamanuri,
  • Raghavendra P Singh

摘要

Water color is an easily available visual descriptor of water quality. Lakes and rivers of India are under tremendous anthropogenic and climatic stress, which can alter the ecosystem functioning of freshwater resources. Using long-term satellite observations (Landsat 5, 7, and 8 across 1984–2020), reflectance-based color and trophic state of lakes (number of lakes = 4722, greater than 10 ha area) have been analysed. We find that Indian lakes are dominantly greenish-yellow. Over the last three decades, almost 37% of lakes (1.8 million hectares) show significantly negative trends in color. Color-based assessment of trophic state suggested that the majority of analysed lakes (95%) are eutrophic. We also perform statistical analysis of trends in color and its correlation with meteorological, anthropogenic, and natural variables to assess the importance of these variables in driving changes in color. We find that there are varied drivers of color across different ecozones of India. We find that changes in cropland area are the dominant driver of color, followed by forest cover changes and meteorological drivers. We present the first national-scale study on the color of lakes in India, which can be useful to monitor and scrutinize the health of water bodies through remotely sensed observations.