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<p>This study assesses chlorine-related risks at a water treatment plant, focusing on minimising toxic chlorine release incidents. A total of six failure scenarios were identified and analysed using Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). These scenarios include pipe rupture (excessive pressure), leakage at chlorine drum, malfunction of vacuum regulator, relief valve failure, leakage between the drum component and leakage at the ejector. From this analysis, the two most critical incidents were identified, namely hose connector leakage and drum rupture, both of which were also confirmed by the FTA. Annual probabilities were calculated for hose connection leaks at 4.38×10<sup>–3</sup> and drum ruptures at 2.18×10<sup>–4</sup>. Chlorine gas dispersion simulation using Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) software was performed for different wind speeds of the model (0.85, 1.33, and 5.56&#xa0;m/s). For hose connection leaks, simulations indicated high-risk zones extending up to 915&#xa0;m, moderate-risk zones up to 2.9&#xa0;km, and low-risk zones up to 5.3&#xa0;km at the lowest wind speed. For drum rupture scenarios, high-risk zones extended up to 322&#xa0;m, moderate-risk zones up to 1.1&#xa0;km, and low-risk zones up to 2.2&#xa0;km at similar wind speeds. The study proposes revising existing SOPs for railcar handling, improving storage layout, piping system operation, and leak response. It aims to reduce safety and health concerns about chlorine management at a water treatment plant through hazard identification and risk assessment.</p>

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Assessing risks of chlorine usage as a disinfectant in drinking water treatment plant

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月6日

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  • Rostam Khalid,
  • Masli Irwan Rosli,
  • Nur Atheera Zulkarnain,
  • Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah,
  • Mohd Idzat Idris,
  • Junaidah Buhari

摘要

This study assesses chlorine-related risks at a water treatment plant, focusing on minimising toxic chlorine release incidents. A total of six failure scenarios were identified and analysed using Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). These scenarios include pipe rupture (excessive pressure), leakage at chlorine drum, malfunction of vacuum regulator, relief valve failure, leakage between the drum component and leakage at the ejector. From this analysis, the two most critical incidents were identified, namely hose connector leakage and drum rupture, both of which were also confirmed by the FTA. Annual probabilities were calculated for hose connection leaks at 4.38×10–3 and drum ruptures at 2.18×10–4. Chlorine gas dispersion simulation using Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) software was performed for different wind speeds of the model (0.85, 1.33, and 5.56 m/s). For hose connection leaks, simulations indicated high-risk zones extending up to 915 m, moderate-risk zones up to 2.9 km, and low-risk zones up to 5.3 km at the lowest wind speed. For drum rupture scenarios, high-risk zones extended up to 322 m, moderate-risk zones up to 1.1 km, and low-risk zones up to 2.2 km at similar wind speeds. The study proposes revising existing SOPs for railcar handling, improving storage layout, piping system operation, and leak response. It aims to reduce safety and health concerns about chlorine management at a water treatment plant through hazard identification and risk assessment.