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<p>The pollution of agricultural soil with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) becomes a global challenge. The mobility of PTEs is controlled by soil general characteristics; pH, organic matter (OM%) calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>%), and particle size distribution. This article aims to dedicate the impact of CaCO<sub>3</sub> on the distribution of Cd and Pb in the Nile Floodplain soil in Egypt. In addition, the Index of Geoaccumulation (I<sub>geo</sub>), Contamination Factor (CF), and Contamination Degree (CD) were applied to investigate pollution levels, while Ecological risk (Er) and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) were used to assess the ecological risk of PTEs in the soil. The soil quality index (SoQI) model was applied to assess soil quality in the study area. The mean recorded values for pH, CaCO<sub>3</sub>, OM, Cd, and Pb were 8.28, 6.42%, 2.25%, 7.84&#xa0;mg/kg, and 20.35&#xa0;mg/kg, respectively. The role of CaCO<sub>3</sub> in the distribution and content of Cd and Pb in the study area was statistically approved. The I<sub>geo</sub>, CF, Er, CD, and PERI indicated that the study area is at very high risk, particularly due to the presence of Cd. The calculated SoQI value is 5, reflecting that the study area soil is at a very high risk class. The results imply that the study area is at high risk from PTEs. Fortunately, the presence of CaCO<sub>3</sub> can significantly retain and reduce the bioavailability of Pb and Cd, hence reducing food contamination. Finally, it is recommended to use eco-friendly fertilizers and control the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.</p>

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Calcium carbonate impact on Pb and Cd distribution in the Nile Floodplain soil and soil quality modeling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月20日

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  • Salman Abdelraof Salman

摘要

The pollution of agricultural soil with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) becomes a global challenge. The mobility of PTEs is controlled by soil general characteristics; pH, organic matter (OM%) calcium carbonate (CaCO3%), and particle size distribution. This article aims to dedicate the impact of CaCO3 on the distribution of Cd and Pb in the Nile Floodplain soil in Egypt. In addition, the Index of Geoaccumulation (Igeo), Contamination Factor (CF), and Contamination Degree (CD) were applied to investigate pollution levels, while Ecological risk (Er) and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) were used to assess the ecological risk of PTEs in the soil. The soil quality index (SoQI) model was applied to assess soil quality in the study area. The mean recorded values for pH, CaCO3, OM, Cd, and Pb were 8.28, 6.42%, 2.25%, 7.84 mg/kg, and 20.35 mg/kg, respectively. The role of CaCO3 in the distribution and content of Cd and Pb in the study area was statistically approved. The Igeo, CF, Er, CD, and PERI indicated that the study area is at very high risk, particularly due to the presence of Cd. The calculated SoQI value is 5, reflecting that the study area soil is at a very high risk class. The results imply that the study area is at high risk from PTEs. Fortunately, the presence of CaCO3 can significantly retain and reduce the bioavailability of Pb and Cd, hence reducing food contamination. Finally, it is recommended to use eco-friendly fertilizers and control the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.