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<p>Global warming, induced by industrial CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, presents considerable environmental difficulties. Reusing waste materials like fly ash provides a sustainable approach to address these challenges while improving compressive strength in building applications. This study investigates the application of fly ash in clay soils using hydrothermal solidification, an energy-efficient method for enhancing soil characteristics. The study analyzed 13 input factors, comprising fly ash concentration (0–50%), Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> content (0–20%), and essential chemical compositions: SiO<sub>2</sub> (10.2–34.8%), Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (10.2–34.8%), Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (0.6–32.9%), CaO (0.1–9.56%), and MgO (0.1–45.3%). The physical soil properties included liquid limit (24–65.2%), plasticity index (6–34.5%), and density (1.24–1.81&#xa0;g/cm<sup>3</sup>), tested under diverse curing circumstances (20–28&#xa0;°C, 3–112&#xa0;days) and heating temperatures (0–750&#xa0;°C). The targeted variable was the compressive strength (CS) of the soils. A cubic model was created to analyze chemical compositions and four moduli: silica modulus (SM), aluminate modulus (AM), hydraulic modulus (HM), and lime modulus (LM) utilizing 139 datasets separated taken from different research studies into training and testing groups. Statistical findings indicated that AM exerted the most substantial impact on compressive strength, with the greatest contribution (8.52%) and ideal objective function (OBJ) and RMSE values. Elevated SM and AM content improved CS by facilitating C-S-H production and augmenting density. Conversely, elevated HM values signified less CaO availability, decreasing gel formation, and restricted CS increases. This study demonstrates the efficacy of fly ash and hydrothermal solidification in improving the sustainability and performance of clay soils.</p>

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Sustainable strength enhancement of clay soils using fly ash and hydrothermal solidification: the role of silica modulus, aluminate modulus, and lime modulus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月20日

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  • Shifa Burhan,
  • Ahmed Salih Mohammed

摘要

Global warming, induced by industrial CO2 emissions, presents considerable environmental difficulties. Reusing waste materials like fly ash provides a sustainable approach to address these challenges while improving compressive strength in building applications. This study investigates the application of fly ash in clay soils using hydrothermal solidification, an energy-efficient method for enhancing soil characteristics. The study analyzed 13 input factors, comprising fly ash concentration (0–50%), Ca(OH)2 content (0–20%), and essential chemical compositions: SiO2 (10.2–34.8%), Al2O3 (10.2–34.8%), Fe2O3 (0.6–32.9%), CaO (0.1–9.56%), and MgO (0.1–45.3%). The physical soil properties included liquid limit (24–65.2%), plasticity index (6–34.5%), and density (1.24–1.81 g/cm3), tested under diverse curing circumstances (20–28 °C, 3–112 days) and heating temperatures (0–750 °C). The targeted variable was the compressive strength (CS) of the soils. A cubic model was created to analyze chemical compositions and four moduli: silica modulus (SM), aluminate modulus (AM), hydraulic modulus (HM), and lime modulus (LM) utilizing 139 datasets separated taken from different research studies into training and testing groups. Statistical findings indicated that AM exerted the most substantial impact on compressive strength, with the greatest contribution (8.52%) and ideal objective function (OBJ) and RMSE values. Elevated SM and AM content improved CS by facilitating C-S-H production and augmenting density. Conversely, elevated HM values signified less CaO availability, decreasing gel formation, and restricted CS increases. This study demonstrates the efficacy of fly ash and hydrothermal solidification in improving the sustainability and performance of clay soils.